Terrorism And Organized Crime: An Analytical Study From An International Law Perspective

With the spread of terrorism and its growing risks since the start of the 21st century, a wide range of reports and studies have emerged. This funding comes from a special relationship between terrorist organizations, organized crime syndicates, and their cooperation with each other, which has enabled terrorist organizations in particular to carry out recruitment efforts and operations alike. It has also fueled an international black market for smuggling and trade in drugs and arms. Under what conditions do violent terrorist groups driven by extreme Islamist ideology collaborate with organized criminal enterprises to generate the requisite resources to pursue their strategic objectives? Given that question, this thesis assessed the extent of the validity of the following hypothesis/central argument: As Islamist extremist terrorist groups’ financial needs increase, they are more likely to use collaboration with organized criminal enterprises, relative to other sources, as their principal means of funding. It has also assessed the extent of the argument through the presentation of comparative case studies on Western Europe and the Sahel of North/West Africa. The findings indicate that the lines of demarcation between terrorist groups and criminal organizations operating in both Western Europe and the Sahel are becoming increasingly blurred. It could, reasonably, be argued that terrorism in Western Europe and the Sahel of North/West Africa is a variant of serious organized crime in view of the modus operandi of Islamist extremist movements and their mode of financing

Study of the mechanical properties of a ceramics of orthopedic and dental use

The study of the preparation of ceramics is consisted in sintering a hardened cement, wich is composed of mixture of three calcium phosphates : tetracalcium phosphate (Ca4(PO4)2O), -tricalcium phosphate (-Ca3(PO4)2) and monocalcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O).After wetting, the cement evolved towards an apatitic phase while hardening. To check the effect of certain factors on the resulting ceramics, a complete central composite design of four variables (liquid/solid ratio, stoichiometric coefficient of monocalcium phosphate, rate of increase in temperature and duration of landing of termpertaure) was set up. The equation of the model and optimal conditions were defined

Problemática de menores en situación de riesgo

El trabajo que a continuación podrán leer, es el resumen de una intervención que tuve el honor de presentar en el Master “Psicología, Educación y Desarrollo”; en concreto en el Curso “Exclusión social, Educación y Justicia” que organiza la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Cádiz. En él vamos a exponer los hechos sociales que se viven en los países de origen (en nuestro caso se trata de Marruecos), con el objetivo de explicar los factores que favorecen la emigración de la infancia marroquí hacia Europa (en este caso a España)

Finite-Element Simulation of the Depolarization Factor of Arbitrarily Shaped Inclusions

THE MAIN goal of this paper is the depolarization factor (DF) of arbitrarily shaped polarizable inclusion in 2-D heterostructures. Since analytical calculation of the response of an arbitrary composite material is typically intractable, numerical simulation is the standard method to extract the effective properties of these complex media. For that purpose we use a finite-element (FE) methodology to derive the effective permittivity of the mixed medium. As an illustrative application of this techAn understanding of the polarization characteristics is vital to the rational design of future dielectric nanostructures. In this work, a finite-element methodology has been applied to simulate 2-D two-phase heterostructures containing a dielectric inclusion with arbitrary shape. The development does not impose any restriction on the shape of the inclusion. Given the paucity of experimental and numerical data, we set out to investigate systematically the trends that shape and permittivity contrast between the inclusion and the host matrix have on the depolarization factor (DF). The effect of the first- versus second-order concentration virial coefficient on the value of the DF is considered for a variety of inclusion shapes and a large set of material properties. Our findings suggest that the DF for a 2-D inclusion is highly tunable depending on the choice of these parameters. These results can provide a useful insight for the design of artificial two-phase heterostructures with specific polarization properties

A compact model of precessional spin-transfer switching for MTJ with a perpendicular polarizer

International audienceMagnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) devices are CMOS compatible with high stability, high reliability and non-volatility. A macro-model of MTJ with preces- sional switching is presented in this paper. This model is based on Spin-Transfer Torque (STT) writing approach. The current-induced magnetic switching and excitations was studied in structures comprising a perpendicularly magnetized polarizing layer (PL), an in-plane magne- tized free layer (FL), and an in-plane magnetized analyzing layer (AL)

Etude en tomodensitométrie du développement de l'oreille interne chez le foetus humain

Objectifs : Etudier le développement osseux de l'oreille interne chez le foetus humain. Matériel et Méthode : Notre institution dispose d'une banque de foetus humains qui ont été étudiés par tomodensitométrie. Les images ont été exploitées grâce au logiciel Amira . 13 dimensions cochléo-vestibulaires standards ont été mesurées chez 153 foetus. L'angulation entre les 3 canaux semi-circulaires (CSC) et le positionnement du vestibule ont été étudiés chez 54 foetus. L'analyse statistique a été réalisée grâce au logiciel R. Résultats : Il n'y a pas de dimorphisme sexuel, ni de différence droite-gauche dans les distances mesurées. 8 mesures cochléo-vestibulaires n'évoluent pas en taille de 21 à 40 SA. L'îlot osseux du CSC latéral croît jusqu'à 25 SA. L'aqueduc de la cochlée et le conduit auditif interne sont corrélés à l'âge foetal. L'angle entre les CSC est proche de 90°, malgré de larges écarts physiologiques, et n'évolue pas entre 21 et 40 SA. Il n'y a pas de dimorphisme sexuel. Le centre du vestibule est stable dans son positionnement anatomique au sein du rocher pendant le développement foetal. Conclusion : Conformément aux données de la littérature, la croissance cochléo-vestibulaire se termine à 21 SA ou moins. Certains éléments de l'oreille interne croissent avec l'os pétreux et évoluent avec l'ossification du rocher. La stabilité du positionnement du vestibule dans le rocher évoque une détermination génétique forte. Notre série est quantitativement la plus importante jamais publiée dans la littérature.Objectives: Our goal is to clarify the course of inner ear bony development in human fetuses. Material and Methods: Our institution hosts a collection of human fetuses from 21 to 40 WA that were CT scanned and studied with Amira(tm) software. We studied 13 measurements in the inner ear of 153 fetuses. We also studied semi-circular canals orientation and the vestibular ear positioning in petrous bone of 54 human fetuses. Statistical analysis was performed with R(tm) software. Results: We found no side-related differences or sexual dimorphism. 8 cochlear and vestibular bone measurements did not show growth from 21 to 40 WA and are similar to those of adults in literature. The lateral semicircular canal bony island grows until 25 WA. Internal auditory canal and cochlear aqueduct growth are correlated with gestational age. Mean angles between the three semi-circular canals are close to orthogonality, despite important physiologic variations, and did not change significantly from 21 to 40 WA. There was no sexual dimorphism. The center of vestibular ear has a stable positioning within the three angles of petrous bone during fetal gestation. Conclusions: In accordance with literature, we confirm that the cochlea and semi-circular canals 3D configuration reaches their adult size at or before 21 WA. Some parts of the inner ear (cochlear aqueduct, IAC) continue to grow with petrous bone and evolve with its ossification. To the best of our knowledge, our series is the largest series of human fetal inner ear ever published

Short-term health and social care benefits of the Family Nurse Partnership lack evidence in the UK context but there is promise for child developmental outcomes

Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) home visiting from pregnancy to 24 months post partum, guided by a manualised curriculum, has been shown in three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to have multiple beneficial outcomes and to be a cost-effective way to decrease the risk of child abuse for children of young, psychologically vulnerable first-time mothers.1 NFP has also been shown to strengthen families through increased maternal employment and wider spacing of pregnancies, and has demonstrated a range of benefits for children through adolescence.2 The US-developed programme was introduced into England in 2007 (renamed Family Nurse Partnership, FNP) and a pragmatic, non-blinded RCT was launched in 2009

On the application of homogenization formalisms to active dielectric composite materials

The Maxwell Garnett and Bruggeman formalisms were applied to estimate the effective permittivity dyadic of active dielectric composite materials. The active nature of the homogenized composite materials (HCMs) arises from one of the component materials which takes the form of InAs/GaAs quantum dots. Provided that the real parts of the permittivities of the component materials have the same sign, the Maxwell Garnett and Bruggeman formalisms give physically plausible estimates of the HCM permittivity dyadic that are in close agreement. However, if the real parts of the permittivities of the component materials have different signs then there are substantial differences between the Bruggeman and Maxwell Garnett estimates. Furthermore, these differences becomes enormous--with the Bruggeman estimate being physically implausible--as the imaginary parts of the permittivities of the component materials tend to zero