Les luttes sociales à Tananarive en 1972

G. Althabe — Social Struggle in Antananarivo, 1972. An attempt at reconstructing and understanding the chain of events which, in April-October 1972, brought over the fall of the neo-colonial regime installed in 1957-1960, and resulted in the assumption of power by nationalist—in some cases populist—military ofncers. The starting point was a strike of the pupils in second-ary schools where the urban petty bourgeoisie built up opposition to the regime. This crisis led to a week-long insurrection (13-20 May 1972) with the Antananarivo crowd fighting the political police and gaining control of the street. Tsiranana's downfall was followed by a situation of double power: on the one hand the military who were able to rally together on a nationalistic position the Churches, trade unions and political parties; on the other hand, a radical fraction of the people's movement which, while it succeeded in setting up original power structures, failed in its attempt to question internai exploitation. A term was put to this confrontation by the 8 October referendum which consecrated the constitution of the new regime.Althabe Gérard. Les luttes sociales à Tananarive en 1972.. In: Cahiers d'études africaines, vol. 20, n°80, 1980. pp. 407-447

Review of \u3ci\u3eThe Discovery Of Childhood In Puritan England\u3c/i\u3e, by C. John Sommerville.

John Sommerville has written a fascinating book that scholars from a number of interests and backgrounds will find valuable. His work is an intersection of the history of childhood and of religious history in early modern England. In this study, Sommerville is arguing for a much more sympathetic and positive view of Puritanism, especially in terms of how the Puritans thought about children and how they in practice related to their children. Sommerville\u27s work is an interesting counterpoint to Linda Pollock\u27s Forgotten Children: Parent-child Relations from 1500-1900 (1983). Pollock argued for a very harsh attitude toward, and treatment of, children in early modern England. Sommerville counters that there is less change from the early modern period to the modern age.The change Sommerville does perceive is not necessarily the actual treatment, but the greater guilt over bad treatment, and this he traces to Puritan influence

Stillbirth rates in 20 countries of Latin America: an ecological study

Objective: To describe country-level stillbirth rates and their change over time in Latin America, and to measure the association of stillbirth rates with socio-economic and health coverage indicators in the region. Design: Ecological study. Setting: 20 countries of Latin America. Population or Sample: Aggregated data from pregnant women with countries as units of analysis. Methods: We used stillbirth estimates, and socio-economic and healthcare coverage indicators reported from 2006 to 2016 from UNICEF, United Nations Development Programme and World Bank datasets. We calculated Spearman's correlation coefficients between stillbirths rates and socioeconomic and health coverage indicators. Main outcome measures: National estimates of stillbirth rates in each country. Results: The estimated stillbirth rate for Latin America for 2015 was 8.1 per 1000 births (range 3.1–24.9). Seven Latin America countries had rates higher than 10 stillbirths per 1000 births. The average annual reduction rate for the region was 2% (range 0.1–3.8%), with the majority of Latin America countries ranging between 1.5 and 2.5%. National stillbirth rates were correlated to: women's schooling (rS = −0.7910), gross domestic product per capita (rS = −0.8226), fertility rate (rS = 0.6055), urban population (rS = −0.6316), and deliveries at health facilities (rS = −0.6454). Conclusions: Country-level estimated stillbirth rates in Latin America varied widely in 2015. The trend and magnitude of reduction in stillbirth rates between 2000 and 2015 was similar to the world average. Socio-economic and health coverage indicators were correlated to stillbirth rates in Latin America. Tweetable abstract: Stillbirth rates decreased in Latin America but remain relatively high, with wide variations among countries.Fil: Pingray, María Verónica. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Althabe, Fernando. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vazquez, Paula. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Correa, Malena. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. University of Tulane; Estados UnidosFil: Pajuelo, Mónica. University Johns Hopkins; Estados UnidosFil: Belizan, Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentin

The increasing trend in preterm birth in public hospitals in northern Argentina

Objective: To identify factors associated with the increasing incidence of preterm birth in northern Argentina. Methods: In an observational study, data were reviewed from a prospective, population-based registry of pregnancy outcomes in six cities in 2009-2012. The primary outcome was preterm birth (at 20-37 weeks). Bivariate tests and generalized estimating equations were used within a conceptual hierarchical framework to estimate the cluster-corrected annual trend in odds of preterm birth. Results: The study reviewed data from 11 433 live births. There were 484 (4.2%) preterm births. The incidence of preterm births increased by 38% between 2009 and 2012, from 37.5 to 51.7 per 1000 live births. Unadjusted risk factors for preterm birth included young or advanced maternal age, normal body mass index, nulliparity, no prenatal care, no vitamins or supplements during pregnancy, multiple gestation, and maternal hypertension or prepartum hemorrhage. The prevalence of many risk factors increased over the study period, but variations in these factors explained less than 1% of the increasing trend in preterm birth. Conclusion: The incidence of preterm births insix small cities in northern Argentina increased greatly between 2009 and 2012. This trend was unexplained by the risk factors measured. Other factors should be assessed in future studies.Fil: Weaver, Emily H.. University of North Carolina School at Chapel Hill; Estados UnidosFil: Gibbons, Luz. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Belizan, Jose. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Althabe, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentin

Reducing neonatal mortality associated with preterm birth: gaps in knowledge of the impact of antenatal corticosteroids on preterm birth outcomes in low-middle income countries

The Global Network’s Antenatal Corticosteroids Trial (ACT), was a multi-country, cluster-randomized trial to improve appropriate use of antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) in low-resource settings in low-middle income countries (LMIC). ACT substantially increased ACS use in the intervention clusters, but the intervention failed to show benefit in the targeted < 5th percentile birth weight infants and was associated with increased neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the overall population. In this issue are six papers which are secondary analyses related to ACT that explore potential reasons for the increase in adverse outcomes overall, as well as site differences in outcomes. The African sites appeared to have increased neonatal mortality in the intervention clusters while the Guatemalan site had a significant reduction in neonatal mortality, perhaps related to a combination of ACS and improving obstetric care in the intervention clusters. Maternal and neonatal infections were increased in the intervention clusters across all sites and increased infections are a possible partial explanation for the increase in neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the intervention clusters, especially in the African sites. The analyses presented here provide guidance for future ACS trials in LMIC. These include having accurate gestational age dating of study subjects and having care givers who can diagnose conditions leading to preterm birth and predict which women likely will deliver in the next 7 days. All study subjects should be followed through delivery and the neonatal period, regardless of when they deliver. Clearly defined measures of maternal and neonatal infection should be utilized. Trials in low income country facilities including clinics and those without newborn intensive care seem to be of the highest priority.Fil: McClure, Elizabeth M.. RTI International; Estados UnidosFil: Goldenberg, Robert L.. Columbia University; Estados UnidosFil: Jobe, Alan H.. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Miodovnik, Menachem. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child and Human Development; Estados UnidosFil: Koso Thomas, Marion. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child and Human Development; Estados UnidosFil: Buekens, Pierre. University of Tulane; Estados UnidosFil: Belizan, Jose. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Althabe, Fernando. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin