SOCIAL SERVICES Drug Abuse by Minors: Require Reporting to State Agency

The Act encourages the reporting of suspected habitual drug abuse by children to the child welfare agency of the state. This reporting is to be done by those who care for the children, including school teachers. The Act also provides for confidentiality of the records of the drug abuse. July 1, 198

Rub, fold, and abrasion resistance testing of digitally printed documents

The life cycle of commercially printed digital documents (in particular, marketing and promotional items, direct mailers, business communications, and on-demand color books) was examined to find stress points where potential permanence problems could exist. The stress and life cycle overview covers the stages of processes in printing and finishing, mailing preparation and fulfillment, distribution, usage, and recycling. Stress points found in the different stages of the life cycle, whether physical or chemical, include (but are not limited to) scratching, rubbing, cracking, solvent exposure, light exposure, moisture exposure, heat exposure, and air contamination exposure. Tests for abrasion resistance, folding resistance, solvent resistance, light-fastness, water-fastness, thermostability, and gas/ozone fastness were researched. Based on a survey given to randomly selected printers, printing press vendors, and print buyers, the tests for abrasion resistance, folding resistance, and rub resistance were selected. Using offset lithography as a benchmark, three commercial digital presses as well as high-speed ink jet technology were included in this testing. Using a combination of solid circular test targets and the “Three Musicians” test target (an image for visual comparisons), the Taber Abraser testing method, the Sutherland Rub testing method, and a folding procedure outlined in ASTM document F 1351 were used to examine and to compare the five presses in this study (three commercial digital presses, one offset lithographic press, and one high-speed ink jet press). After testing was performed, visual ranking, changes in density, Delta E, and the abrasion resistance index were used as the criteria to evaluate results. Testing results showed that the high-speed ink jet held up the best in each test performed during this research; however, the image quality of the high-speed ink jet press was less than the image quality of any other press in this study. The second best performer in the testing was the offset lithographic press. The test performance of these particular presses, as compared with the commercial digital presses, was attributed to the different drying methods in each of the different printing technologies. In the ink jet and lithographic presses, the evaporation, absorption, and oxidation drying methods seemed to hold up better to the testing performed than the drying method of toner-based technology. With oxidation and evaporation, the image (i.e., the ink) actually becomes a part of the paper after drying, whereas, in toner technology, the image (i.e., the toner) is fused to the paper and actually sits on top of it. Within the digital printing industry, coatings have been put in place to alleviate some of these problems, but they have not been tested here. This research shows that offset lithography is the dominant technology in terms of offering abrasion and folding resistance of its printed product

CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES Hazardous Materials: Provide for Limited Immunity in Mitigation of Effects of Discharge

The Act provides for a limited exemption from civil liability for persons who give assistance or advice in attempting to mitigate effects of an actual or threatened discharge of hazardous materials. April 3, 198

CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES Hazardous Materials: Provide for Limited Immunity in Mitigation of Effects of Discharge

The Act provides for a limited exemption from civil liability for persons who give assistance or advice in attempting to mitigate effects of an actual or threatened discharge of hazardous materials. April 3, 198

DOMESTIC RELATIONS Alimony and Child Support: Provide for Enforcement and Collection

The Act provides for service of process in proceedings to enforce alimony and child support payments, for service to be perfected, even if the respondent does not answer, and for the respondent to be charged with costs. The Act also changes the conditions under which the Department of Human Resources accepts applications for support enforcement services, provides for reimbursement of the department for attorneys\u27 fees, and authorizes the collection of interest on judgments initiated by the department. July 1, 198

Permanence of toner on paper-Based on the life cycle of documents

This study outlines the life cycle of digitally printed marketing and promotional materials, transactional and business communications, direct mail, and on-demand color books. For each of the stages of the life cycle, stresses that influence permanence are discussed. A methodology is laid out to test the key variables determining the life expectancy of digitally printed products

Do infants fed directly from the breast have improved appetite regulation and slower growth during early childhood compared with infants fed from a bottle?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Behavioral mechanisms that contribute to the association between breastfeeding and reduced obesity risk are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that feeding human milk from the breast (direct breastfeeding) has a more optimal association with subsequent child appetite regulation behaviors and growth, when compared to bottle-feeding.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Children (n = 109) aged 3- to 6- years were retrospectively classified as directly breastfed (fed exclusively at the breast), bottle-fed human milk, or bottle-fed formula in the first three months of life. Young children's appetite regulation was examined by measuring three constructs (satiety response, food responsiveness, enjoyment of food) associated with obesity risk, using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to test whether children bottle-fed either human milk or formula had reduced odds of high satiety and increased odds of high food responsiveness and high enjoyment of food compared to children fed directly from the breast. Current child weight status and growth trends from 6-36 months were also examined for their relation to direct breastfeeding and appetite regulation behaviors in early childhood.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Children fed human milk in a bottle were 67% less likely to have high satiety responsiveness compared to directly breastfed children, after controlling for child age, child weight status, maternal race/ethnicity, and maternal education. There was no association of bottle-feeding (either human milk or formula) with young children's food responsiveness and enjoyment of food. There was neither an association of direct breastfeeding with current child weight status, nor was there a clear difference between directly breastfed and bottle-fed children in growth trajectories from 6- to 36-months. More rapid infant changes in weight-for-age score were associated with lower satiety responsiveness, higher food responsiveness and higher enjoyment of food in later childhood</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>While direct breastfeeding was not found to differentially affect growth trajectories from infancy to childhood compared to bottle-feeding, results suggest direct breastfeeding during early infancy is associated with greater appetite regulation later in childhood. A better understanding of such behavioral distinctions between direct breastfeeding and bottle-feeding may identify new pathways to reduce the pediatric obesity epidemic.</p