Hematoprotective and Nephroprotective Effects of Achillea millefolium Aqueous Extract in Diabetic Mice

Background and objectives: Achillea millefolium has been used in medicine as an anti-fungal, antibacterial and antioxidant agent. The present study was carried out to assess the hematoprotective and nephroprotective activities of Achillea millefolium aqueous extract (AMAE) in diabetic mice. Methods:  Seventy mice were used anddiabetes was experimentally induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg) in 60 mice. The mice with serum glucose level>250 mg/dL were considered diabetic. After three days, they were divided randomly into 7 groups. Group 1 and 2 were non-diabetic and untreated diabetic controls, respectively. Group 3 received 30 mg/kg glibenclamide orally. Groups 4, 5, 6 and 7 were given 10, 30, 90 and 270 mg/kg of AMAE, respectively for 20 days orally. At 20th day, the mice were dissected, and the blood and kidney samples were collected for hematological and pathological parameters analysis. Results:  Daily treatment of diabetic mice with 10, 30, 90 and 270 mg/kg doses of AMAE at all doses especially 90 and 270 mg/kg significantly declined blood glucose, creatinine and urea levels and improved RBC (Red blood cell), platelet and WBC (White blood cell) parameters, compared to the untreated diabetic control. Also kidney of the treated diabetic mice with AMAE at all doses especially 270 mg/kg indicated significant improvement of the renal tissue compared to the untreated diabetic mice. Conclusion: The present research demonstrated the hypoglycemic properties of AMAE, offering to be suggested as an anti-diabetic supplement

Evaluation of Nephroprotective and Antidiabetic Effects of Gundelia tournefortii Aqueous Extract on Diabetic Nephropathy in Male Mice

Background and objectives: Due to the rapid growth of global interest in use of ethno medicinal plants, their effects and safety assessment have become substantial. Gundelia tournefortii has been used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-fungal, and antibacterial agent. In the present study, nephrprotective and antidiabetic properties of Gundelia tournefortii aqueous extract (GTAE) on diabetic mice has been assessed. Methods: Seventy mice were used and diabetes was induced by administration of 150 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally in 60 mature male mice and they were randomly divided into 6 groups. Also one group (10 mice) was considered as the negative control group which received normal saline. The treatment groups received glibenclamide 10 mg/kg (G10) and 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg of GTAE through gavage for 20 days. Also, one group was considered as the non-diabetic control. On the last day, levels of blood glucose, urea and creatinine were measured in serum. After tissue processing, 5 μm sections of the kidneys were prepared and were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and used for stereological analysis. Results: GTAE at all doses and G10 significantly (p≤0.05) reduced the raised levels of blood glucose, creatinine and urea as compared to the untreated diabetic mice. Multipledoses of GTAE and G10 significantly (p≤0.05) decreased the volume and length of renal structures, compared to the diabetic untreated group. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, GTAE groups can regulate the levels of biochemical parameters and inhibit kidney damages in alloxan induced diabetic mice. It appears that GTAE can be suggested for treatment of diabetes as an anti-diabetic supplement or drug

A Stereological and Biochemical Examination: Hepatoprotective Activity of Anthemis odontostephana Boiss. Ethanol Extract Against CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Background and objectives: In Iranian traditional medicine, Anthemis odontostephana Boiss has been used in treating gastric ulcers, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. In the present study, hepatoprotective activity of A. odontostephana ethanol extract (AOEE) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in male mice has been evaluated.  Methods: In the present experimental study, Sixty male mice were divided into six groups (n=10); Group I was considered as control, received 1 mL/kg olive oil intraperitoneally and 0.5 mL distilled water through gavage. Group II was considered as untreated group, received 1 mg/kg CCl4 mixed with olive oil in the ratio of 1:1, intraperitoneally and 0.5 mL distilled water orally. Group III, IV, V and VI received CCl4 mixed with olive oil in the ratio of 1:1 intraperitoneally and 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg of AOEE through gavage for 45 continuous days. On the last day, the animals of all groups were euthanized and blood and liver were collected for assessing biochemical and histological parameters. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Duncan’s tests. Results: Different doses of AOEE (especially AOEE160) could significantly (pConclusion: According to the obtained results, AOEE can regulate the biochemical parameters and inhibits hepatic damages in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

An elegant technology for ultrasensitive impedimetric and voltammetric determination of cholestanol based on a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor

In this work, a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor (MIES) has been fabricated based on electropolymerization of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with gold-palladium alloy nanoparticles (AuPd NPs)/polydopamine film (PDA)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes-chitosan- ionic liquid (MWCNTs-CS-IL) for voltammetric and impedimetric determination of cholestanol (CHO). Modifications applied to the bare GCE formed an excellent biocompatible composite film which was able to selectively detect CHO molecules. Modifications applied to the bare GCE were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (SEM). Under optimal experimental conditions, the sensor was able to detect CHO in the range of 0.1-60 pM and 1-50 pM by EIS and DPV, respectively. Moreover, the sensor showed high sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, low interference and good stability towards CHO determination. Our records confirmed that the sensor was successfully able to the analysis real samples for determination of CHO

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens