Analisis Postur Kerja dengan Metode Rapid Entire Body Assissment (REBA)

Physical activity related to work activities on production operators is one of the jobs that needs attention. Operator activity on CV. Primavera, which is engaged in garments, especially in the fabric cutting Laser. section, is a fabric cutting process that uses high-power laser technology that is emitted from a generator on the workpiece, the cutting movement is controlled through a computer so that the possibility of slipping is small. During the cutting laser process, workers stand in front of the cutting laser machine and bend over while setting the fabric size according to the basket. These complaints arise due to non-ergonomic work postures causing pain in some parts of the body felt by workers. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of risk and the percentage of complaints felt during cutting laser. The methods used are Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and Nordic Body Map (NBM), based on the REBA method the work risks faced by workers in cutting laser cloth with a high level of scores in the range of 8-10, high category of action so it needs to be done immediately improvement of work posture. The Nordic Body Map shows the first body segment on the back with a score of 9, the second body segment on the right shoulder with a score of 8, the third body segment on the waist with a score of 8, the fourth body segment on the buttocks with a score of 8, and the fifth body segment on the legs. right with a score of 8, due to a bent work posture during the cutting laser process and fabric size settings as well as age and length of work factors that also affect the questionnaire.Kegiatan fisik yang berhubungan dengan aktivitas kerja pada operator produksi merupakan salah satu pekerjaan perlu diperhatikan. Aktifitas operator pada CV. Primavera yang bergerak di bidang garment terutama bagian cutting laser kain adalah proses pemotongan kain yang menggunakan teknologi sinar laser berdaya tinggi yang dipancarkan dari generator mengenai benda kerja, pergerakan pemotongan dikontrol melalui komputer sehingga kemungkinan melesetnya kecil. Pada saat proses cutting laser, pekerja berdiri didepan mesin cutting laser dan membungkuk saat penyetingan ukuran kain sesuai keranjang. Keluhan tersebut muncul disebabkan postur tubuh kerja yang tidak ergonomi menyebabkan timbulnya rasa sakit pada beberapa bagian tubuh yang dirasakan pekerja. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat resiko dan persentase keluhan yang dirasakan selama cutting laser. Metode yang digunakan adalah Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) dan Nordic Body Map (NBM), berdasarkan metode REBA resiko kerja yang di hadapi pekerja dalam cutting laser kain dengan level tinggi skor yang dihadapi dikisaran 8-10, kategori tindakan tinggi sehingga perlu segera dilakukan perbaikan postur kerja. Nordic Body Map menunjukan segmen tubuh yang pertama pada bagian punggung dengan skor 9, segmen tubuh kedua pada bagian kanan bahu dengan skor 8, segmen tubuh ketiga bagian pinggang skor 8, segmen tubuh keempat pada bagian pantat skor 8, dan segmen tubuh kelima pada bagian kaki kanan dengan skor 8, disebabkan postur kerja yang membungkuk saat proses cutting laser dan penyetingan ukuran kain serta faktor umur dan lama bekerja ikut mempengaruhi kuesioner

The relationship between mental workload and general health among welders of Tehran Heavy Structure Metal Company

Mental workload is one of the factors that influence individuals’ performance in the work environment as well as their efficiency and productivity. The present study aimed at examining the association between mental workload and general health among welders of Tehran Heavy Structuress Metal Company.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016. The sample included 100 welders who were working in Tehran Heavy Structures Metal Company. Sampling was done through conducting a census. A demographic questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) mental workload questionnaire were used to collect data. The obtained data were fed into SPSS (version 22) and analyzed through Chi-square, one-way ANOVA, Kruscal Wallis Test, Pearson product moment correlation, and Mann-Whitney U Test.The results showed that the participating welders had an average age of 36.16±7.81, an average work experience of 9.65±5.83, and a BMI of 25.95±3.39 kg/m2. The mean and standard deviation of the overall score of welders’ mental workload were 65.88±21.15. The cut-off scores for the total mental workload questionnaire and the subscales were respectively set at 23 and 6. The results demonstrated that 26% of the welders were suspected of mental disorder. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation indicated that there was no significant relationship between the overall score of NASA mental workload and that of general health (p-value>0.05).Welders’ mental workload is relatively high. Therefore, further research should be conducted in order to identify main risk factors that lead to mental and health disorder. Future studies should also be performed to present some solutions for te purpose of decreasing or preventing these side effects among welders as much as possible.

Analisis Postur Kerja Menggunakan Metode Rapid Entire Body Assesment (REBA) Proses Pembuatan Buis Beton

There are quite a number of entrepreneurs making precast concrete in Polokarto sub-district, the community works as precast concrete making workers as their life support. The resulting production is in the form of Buis Concrete/Concrete Pipes. The process of making concrete buis, among others: the process of selecting materials, mixing process, lifting process, printing process, drying process. Activities carried out during the production process are carried out repeatedly, causing complaints to workers. These complaints arise due to non-ergonomic body postures causing pain in some parts of the body felt by workers. This study aims to determine the level of risk and the percentage of complaints felt during the process of making concrete buis. The methods used are Nordic Body Map (NBM), and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). The results of the research from the NBM questionnaire on the manufacture of concrete buis segemn workers' bodies experience complaints are the waist, back, right shoulder, right upper arm and right hand. Research using the REBA method has a risk level ranging from 7-10 so it includes a moderate to high level of risk that requires work posture action. Keywords: Concrete buis making, Work posture, NBM, REBAPengusaha pembuatan beton pracetak di kecamatan polokarto sudah terbilang cukup banyak, masyarakat berprofesi sebagai pekerja pembuatan beton pracetak sebagai penopang kehidupan mereka. Hasil produksi yang dihasilkan berupa produk  Buis beton/Pipa Beton. Proses pembuatan buis beton antara lain: proses pemilihan bahan, proses pencampuran, proses pengangkatan, proses percetakan, proses pengeringan. Aktivitas yang dilakukan selama proses produksi dilakukan secara berulang-ulang sehingga menimbulkan keluhan pada pekerja. Keluhan tersebut muncul disebabkan postur tubuh yang tidak ergonomi menyebabkan timbulnya rasa sakit pada beberapa bagian tubuh yang dirasakan pekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat resiko dan presentase keluhan yang dirasakan selama proses pembuatan buis beton. Metode yang digunakan adalah Nordic Body Map (NBM), dan Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Hasil penelitian dari kuesioner NBM pada pembuatan buis beton segemn tubuh pekerja mengaalami keluhan adalah bagian pinggang, punggung, bahu kanan, lengan atas kanan dan tangan kanan.Sehingga dapat dinyatakan adanya pengaruh beban kerja terhadap pekerja terhadap keluhan musculosketal disorders. Penelitian menggunakan metode REBA memiliki tingkat level resiko kisaran angka 7-10 sehingga termasuk level resiko sedang sampai tinggi perlu tindakan postur kerja. Kata Kunci: Pembuatan buis beton, Postur kerja, NBM, REB

Effect of CO2 laser irradiation on the surface of the polycrystalline ceramic bracket and the rate of canine movement with sliding mechanic

Introduction: Metal brackets are the most commonly used brackets in clinical orthodontics, but the sight of color of the metal bracket can be unpleasant for some patients. Ceramic brackets offer the desired beauty but they have higher frictional resistance. Considering that in vitro studies suggest that CO2 laser reduces the friction between the wire and slot of the bracket in the sliding mechanics, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of CO2 laser on the speed of tooth movement using the sliding mechanics. Materials & Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed on 7 patients and a total of 13 half jaws in each group. These patients were candidates for bilateral extraction of the first premolars due to lack of space or dentoalveolar protrusion. After alignment and leveling, the ceramic brackets were passively bonded. The ceramic brackets of the experimental group irradiated with the CO2 laser and the brackets of the control group were bonded unchanged. The brackets were examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM) before and after irradiation. Statistical data were analyzed paired t-test to compare the rate of gap closure between the two groups at one-month intervals. ANOVA was used to examine the reduction in spacing at three-month intervals. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The rate of gap closure between the two groups was compared at one-month intervals, which was not statistically significant in either month. Furthermore, in the comparison between the study and control groups, the decrease in the distance between the canine and second premolars was not statistically significant after a total of three months (p=0.0918). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, CO2 laser irradiation of the bracket surface has no effect on the speed of movement of the canine when sliding on the wire

The relationship between mental workload and general health among welders of Tehran Heavy Structures Metal Company

Mental workload is one of the factors that influence individuals’ performance in the work environment as well as their efficiency and productivity. The present study aimed at examining the association between mental workload and general health among welders of Tehran Heavy Structuress Metal Company.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016. The sample included 100 welders who were working in Tehran Heavy Structures Metal Company. Sampling was done through conducting a census. A demographic questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) mental workload questionnaire were used to collect data. The obtained data were fed into SPSS (version 22) and analyzed through Chi-square, one-way ANOVA, Kruscal Wallis Test, Pearson product moment correlation, and Mann-Whitney U Test.The results showed that the participating welders had an average age of 36.16±7.81, an average work experience of 9.65±5.83, and a BMI of 25.95±3.39 kg/m2. The mean and standard deviation of the overall score of welders’ mental workload were 65.88±21.15. The cut-off scores for the total mental workload questionnaire and the subscales were respectively set at 23 and 6. The results demonstrated that 26% of the welders were suspected of mental disorder. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation indicated that there was no significant relationship between the overall score of NASA mental workload and that of general health (p-value>0.05).Welders’ mental workload is relatively high. Therefore, further research should be conducted in order to identify main risk factors that lead to mental and health disorder. Future studies should also be performed to present some solutions for te purpose of decreasing or preventing these side effects among welders as much as possible

Study protocol: a cluster randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of onsite GeneXpert testing at community health centers in Uganda (XPEL-TB).

BACKGROUND: Delays in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) remain common in high-burden countries. To improve case detection, substantial investments have been made to scale-up Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), a cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test that can detect TB within 2 hours, as a replacement for sputum smear microscopy. However, the optimal strategy for implementation of Xpert testing remains unclear. METHODS: The Xpert Performance Evaluation for Linkage to Tuberculosis Care (XPEL-TB) trial uses an ultra-pragmatic, hybrid type II effectiveness-implementation design to assess the effectiveness and implementation of a streamlined strategy for delivery of Xpert testing in real-world settings. Twenty health centers with TB microscopy units were selected to participate in the trial, with ten health centers randomized to the intervention strategy (onsite molecular testing using GeneXpert Edge, process redesign to facilitate same-day TB diagnosis and treatment, and performance feedback) or routine care (onsite sputum smear microscopy plus referral of sputum samples to Xpert testing sites). The primary outcome is the number of patients with microbiologically confirmed TB who were initiated on treatment within 14 days of presentation to the health center, which reflects successful completion of the TB diagnostic evaluation process. Secondary outcomes include health outcomes (6-month vital status), as well as measures of the reach, adoption, and implementation of the intervention strategy. DISCUSSION: The design elements and implementation approach for the XPEL-TB trial were intentionally selected to minimize disruptions to routine care procedures, with the goal of limiting their influence on key primary and secondary outcomes. Trial findings may result in increased support and funding for rapid, onsite molecular testing as the standard-of-care for all patients being evaluated for TB. TRIAL REGISTRATION: US National Institutes of Health's ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03044158. Registered 06 February 2017. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry, PACTR201610001763265. Registered 03 September 2016

Design and execution of a public randomization ceremony to enhance stakeholder engagement within a cluster randomized trial to improve tuberculosis diagnosis in Uganda.

Public randomization ceremonies have been proposed as a strategy to strengthen stakeholder engagement and address concerns and misconceptions associated with trial randomization. However, there are few published examples that describe how to conduct a public randomization ceremony with meaningful stakeholder engagement or how such ceremonies impact stakeholder perceptions about randomization and the randomization process. Cluster randomization for the GeneXpert Performance Evaluation for Linkage to Tuberculosis Care (XPEL-TB) trial was conducted at a public randomization ceremony attended by 70 stakeholders in Kampala, Uganda. Presentations given by the Acting Assistant Commissioner from the Uganda National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme and trial investigators emphasized how the trial aimed to further national TB goals, as well as how stakeholders contributed to the intervention design. The purpose and process of randomization were described using simple text and visuals. Randomization was an interactive activity that required participation of stakeholders from each trial site. A survey administered to stakeholders at the end of the ceremony suggested high comprehension of randomization (98%), trust in the randomization process (96%), and satisfaction with randomization outcomes (96%). Public randomization ceremonies should be considered more routinely to engage stakeholders in and address potential concerns about the fairness and impartiality of the randomization process for community-based trials

Multicomponent Strategy with Decentralized Molecular Testing for Tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Effective strategies are needed to facilitate the prompt diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in countries with a high burden of the disease. METHODS: We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in which Ugandan community health centers were assigned to a multicomponent diagnostic strategy (on-site molecular testing for tuberculosis, guided restructuring of clinic workflows, and monthly feedback of quality metrics) or routine care (on-site sputum-smear microscopy and referral-based molecular testing). The primary outcome was the number of adults treated for confirmed tuberculosis within 14 days after presenting to the health center for evaluation during the 16-month intervention period. Secondary outcomes included completion of tuberculosis testing, same-day diagnosis, and same-day treatment. Outcomes were also assessed on the basis of proportions. RESULTS: A total of 20 health centers underwent randomization, with 10 assigned to each group. Of 10,644 eligible adults (median age, 40 years) whose data were evaluated, 60.1% were women and 43.8% had human immunodeficiency virus infection. The intervention strategy led to a greater number of patients being treated for confirmed tuberculosis within 14 days after presentation (342 patients across 10 intervention health centers vs. 220 across 10 control health centers; adjusted rate ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 2.01). More patients at intervention centers than at control centers completed tuberculosis testing (adjusted rate ratio, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.21 to 2.82), received a same-day diagnosis (adjusted rate ratio, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.39 to 2.56), and received same-day treatment for confirmed tuberculosis (adjusted rate ratio, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.57 to 3.61). Among 706 patients with confirmed tuberculosis, a higher proportion in the intervention group than in the control group were treated on the same day (adjusted rate ratio, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.23 to 4.25) or within 14 days after presentation (adjusted rate ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.40). CONCLUSIONS: A multicomponent diagnostic strategy that included on-site molecular testing plus implementation supports to address barriers to delivery of high-quality tuberculosis evaluation services led to greater numbers of patients being tested, receiving a diagnosis, and being treated for confirmed tuberculosis. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; XPEL-TB ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03044158.)

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Reliable quantification of the potential for equations based on spot urine samples to estimate population salt intake: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Methods based on spot urine samples (a single sample at one time-point) have been identified as a possiblealternative approach to 24-hour urine samples for determining mean population salt intake.Objective: The aim of this study is to identify a reliable method for estimating mean population salt intake from spot urinesamples. This will be done by comparing the performance of existing equations against one other and against estimates derivedfrom 24-hour urine samples. The effects of factors such as ethnicity, sex, age, body mass index, antihypertensive drug use, healthstatus, and timing of spot urine collection will be explored. The capacity of spot urine samples to measure change in salt intakeover time will also be determined. Finally, we aim to develop a novel equation (or equations) that performs better than existingequations to estimate mean population salt intake.Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data will be conducted. A search has been conductedto identify human studies that report salt (or sodium) excretion based upon 24-hour urine samples and spot urine samples. Therewere no restrictions on language, study sample size, or characteristics of the study population. MEDLINE via OvidSP (1946-present),Premedline via OvidSP, EMBASE, Global Health via OvidSP (1910-present), and the Cochrane Library were searched, and tworeviewers identified eligible studies. The authors of these studies will be invited to contribute data according to a standard format.Individual participant records will be compiled and a series of analyses will be completed to: (1) compare existing equations forestimating 24-hour salt intake from spot urine samples with 24-hour urine samples, and assess the degree of bias according tokey demographic and clinical characteristics; (2) assess the reliability of using spot urine samples to measure population changesin salt intake overtime; and (3) develop a novel equation that performs better than existing equations to estimate mean populationsalt intake.Results: The search strategy identified 538 records; 100 records were obtained for review in full text and 73 have been confirmedas eligible. In addition, 68 abstracts were identified, some of which may contain data eligible for inclusion. Individual participantdata will be requested from the authors of eligible studies.Conclusions: Many equations for estimating salt intake from spot urine samples have been developed and validated, althoughmost have been studied in very specific settings. This meta-analysis of individual participant data will enable a much broaderunderstanding of the capacity for spot urine samples to estimate population salt intake