Improving Information Dissemination in Sparse Vehicular Networks by Adding Satellite Communication

Information dissemination in pure Vehicular Ad Hoc NETworks (VANETs) such as ITS-G5 becomes problematic when the network is sparse. In situations where the number of vehicles that can act as a communication node is insufficiently low, e.g. in rural areas or during night-time, or because of a low market penetration of the technology in the early years of market introduction, certain range limits (unavailability of forwarding nodes) or timing limits (store-and-forward techniques) are stressed. Due to the limited communication range, VANETs start to build separated clusters, if the density of equipped vehicles is too low. Consequently, information dissemination without delay-massive store-and-forwarding is only possible within one cluster, but not beyond. This paper investigates the integration of Car2Car with an additional satellite communication technology. A realistic sparse vehicular network scenario has been simulated and evaluated with respect to the in-time reception of safety-related information. The results show that information dissemination can be significantly improved through a limited number of vehicles or roadsideunits which are additionally equipped with satellite terminals. In fact even the market introduction of VANET-based ITS can be significantly accelerated with just a few vehicles equipped with non-VANET communication technology

The Effect of Action Orientation on the Academic Performance of Undergraduate Marketing Majors

Due to the effect of academic performance on employment opportunities and admission to graduate schools, researchers have long recognized the need for identifying factors that are linked to the academic performance of undergraduate marketing students. This research proposes a model that investigates the relationships among motivation, effort, personality, stress, and academic performance. Action-state orientation (AO-SO) is an important factor in students’ emotional exhaustion and effort. AO-SO relates to individual differences in the capacity to regulate emotions, cognitions, and behaviors to accomplish intentional actions. AO-SO consists of three dimensions: disengagement (versus preoccupation), volatility (versus persistency), and hesitation (versus initiative). Results indicate that persistency and initiative are positively related to effort, which is an important antecedent of academic performance. Also, disengagement is negatively related to emotional exhaustion