Prospeccion del mercado del Reino Unido para la exportacion de comida preparada congelada

129 p.Atreverse a conquistar exigentes mercados no es sólo el ideal de grandes y medianas empresas chilenas, hoy gracias al tratado de libre comercio firmado entre Chile y la Unión Europea el 18 de noviembre del 2001 en Bruselas, Bélgica, pequeños empresarios miran a los países de este bloque comercial, que desde el 1º de mayo del 2004 cuenta con 25 estados miembros ascendiendo su población potencial a 452 millones de habitantes, como futuros y potenciales mercados para sus productos. Los hábitos de consumo de los habitantes de Reino Unido han cambiado en el último tiempo, así se demuestra en el informe publicado por Prochile donde los principales factores que influyen en esta conducta son el poco tiempo con que se cuenta para cocinar producida por jornadas laborales más largas, la existencia de mayores personas viviendo solas, de hecho según un estudio realizado por KeyNote el año 2003 el 30% de los hogares británicos esta formado por una sola persona, el 34% por parejas y un 16% por solo tres personas. Otro factor relevante es el deseo de alimentarse sano pero además en poco tiempo, por esto el consumidor exige alimentos bajos en grasas, sal y azúcar con el propósito de bajar los altos índices de obesidad existentes1. Basándose en estas variaciones, la finalidad de este informe es prospectar el mercado del Reino Unido para la exportación de comidas preparadas congeladas y entregar una propuesta de marketing para el ingreso de estos productos. Se destacan las condiciones economicas politicas sociales que caracterizan a este mercado. Se caracteriza la industria de comida congelada europea y de Reino Unido donde las conclusiones son muy similares: el consumidor esta experimentando cambios en su forma de consumir los alimentos, guiados principalmente por el factor tiempo y los altos niveles de ingresos que se registran en estos países. Hay que destacar que esta tendencia es más fuerte en algunos países de Europa que en otros.2 En cuanto a la propuesta de marketing se determina un segmento, el que se define por consumidores que viven solos, parejas donde ambos trabajan y estudiantes, considerados en un rango de edad entre los 15-45 años. El posicionamiento dado a los productos es de calidad, se resalta la imagen-país de Chile como productores confiables y de buenas prácticas agrícolas. También se entrega una propuesta de marketing mix donde se determinan los productos para diseñar este informe los cuales son pastel de papas y seis empanaditas de queso para freír. La elección de estos productos se justifica por el aumento en las ventas. El precio a cobrar para cada una de ellos es de £2.97 para el pastel de papas y £2.18 para las seis empanaditas. Estos precios se encuentran en el rango de precios publicado por “Ready Meals Info” para los alimentos congelados con marcas propias que están fijada entre las £0.49-£4.99 y para aquellos presentados con marcas calificadas £1.18 - £2.98.3 En cuanto a la distribución de estos productos, se propone que esta sea por medio de importadores especializados ya que ellos son considerados un “eslabón comercial de mucho poder en Reino Unido, ya que controlan las relaciones comerciales con distintos distribuidores de productos...”.4 Por último, en lo referente a la publicidad se propone darlos a conocer por medio de ferias especializadas, particularmente exponerlos en International Food and Drink Exhibition (IFE) en marzo del año 2005 en el recinto Excel de Londres, con la finalidad de lograr contacto con importadores experimentados en el area de alimentos preparados congelados. Algunas legislaciones son presentadas para lograr cumplir con especificaciones técnicas y sanitarias para poder exportar estos alimentos al mercado de Reino Unido. Se detallan con mayor precisión en los anexos el Reglamento Sanitario chileno para los Alimentos y el Codex Alimentarius. Atreverse a conquistar exigentes mercados no es sólo el ideal de grandes y medianas empresas chilenas, hoy gracias al tratado de libre comercio firmado entre Chile y la Unión Europea el 18 de noviembre del 2001 en Bruselas, Bélgica, pequeños empresarios miran a los países de este bloque comercial, que desde el 1º de mayo del 2004 cuenta con 25 estados miembros ascendiendo su población potencial a 452 millones de habitantes, como futuros y potenciales mercados para sus productos. Los hábitos de consumo de los habitantes de Reino Unido han cambiado en el último tiempo, así se demuestra en el informe publicado por Prochile donde los principales .factores que influyen en esta conducta son el poco tiempo con que se cuenta para cocinar producida por jornadas laborales más largas, la existencia de mayores personas viviendo solas, de hecho según un estudio realizado por KeyNote el año 2003 el 30% de los hogares británicos esta formado por una sola persona, el 34% por parejas y un 16% por solo tres personas. Otro factor relevante es el deseo de alimentarse sano pero además en poco tiempo, por esto el consumidor exige alimentos bajos en grasas, sal y azúcar con el propósito de bajar los altos índices de obesidad existentes1 . Basándose en estas variaciones, la finalidad de este informe es prospectar el mercado del Reino Unido para la exportación de comidas preparadas congeladas y entregar una propuesta de marketing para el ingreso de estos productos. Se destacan las condiciones economicas politicas sociales que caracterizan a este mercado. Se caracteriza la industria de comida congelada europea y de Reino Unido donde las conclusiones son muy similares: el consumidor esta experimentando cambios en su forma de consumir los alimentos, guiados principalmente por el factor tiempo y los altos niveles de ingresos que se registran en estos países. Hay que destacar que esta tendencia es más fuerte en algunos países de Europa que en otros.2 En cuanto a la propuesta de marketing se determina un segmento, el que se define por consumidores que viven solos, parejas donde ambos trabajan y estudiantes, considerados en un rango de edad entre los 15-45 años. El posicionamiento dado a los productos es de calidad, se resalta la imagen-país de Chile como productores confiables y de buenas prácticas agrícolas. También se entrega una propuesta de marketing mix donde se determinan los productos para diseñar este informe los cuales son pastel de papas y seis empanaditas de queso para freír. La elección de estos productos se justifica por el aumento en las ventas. El precio a cobrar para cada una de ellos es de £2.97 para el pastel de papas y £2.18 para las seis empanaditas. Estos precios se encuentran en el rango de precios publicado por “Ready Meals Info” para los alimentos congelados con marcas propias que están fijada entre las £0.49-£4.99 y para aquellos presentados con marcas calificadas £1.18 - £2.98.3 En cuanto a la distribución de estos productos, se propone que esta sea por medio de importadores especializados ya que ellos son considerados un “eslabón comercial de mucho poder en Reino Unido, ya que controlan las relaciones comerciales con distintos distribuidores de productos...”.4 Por último, en lo referente a la publicidad se propone darlos a conocer por medio de ferias especializadas, particularmente exponerlos en International Food and Drink Exhibition (IFE) en marzo del año 2005 en el recinto Excel de Londres, con la finalidad de lograr contacto con importadores experimentados en el area de alimentos preparados congelados. Algunas legislaciones son presentadas para lograr cumplir con especificaciones técnicas y sanitarias para poder exportar estos alimentos al mercado de Reino Unido. Se detallan con mayor precisión en los anexos el Reglamento Sanitario chileno para los Alimentos y el Codex Alimentarius. 1 Informe “Hábitos de Consumo en el Reino Unido” publicad en mayo del 2004 por Prochile-Londres. 2 Ver Anexos, Evolución del consumo de alimentos congelados. 3 Para mayor información visite www.readymealsinfo.com/index.asp 4 Ramírez, Alexis “Mercado de Productos Orgánicos del Reino Unido” Diciembre de 2003

Multipactor susceptibility charts for ridge and multiridge waveguides

“© 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.”The aim of this paper is to study the multipactor radio-frequency breakdown voltage in several ridge and multiridge waveguide configurations. First, multipactor susceptibility charts for several types of ridged waveguides have been computed using the commercial software FEST3D. Next, these charts have been used to predict multipactor threshold values for a bandpass filter and a quasi-low-pass filter both containing ridge waveguide sections. Furthermore, multipactor simulations using FEST3D are carried out to calculate the multipactor threshold of the aforementioned structures. A good agreement between predictions and simulations has been found for both filter examples.Gonzalez Iglesias, D.; Soto Pacheco, P.; Anza Hormigo, S.; Gimeno Martinez, B.; Boria Esbert, VE.; Vicente Quiles, CP.; Gil Raga, J. (2012). Multipactor susceptibility charts for ridge and multiridge waveguides. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 59(12):3601-3607. doi:10.1109/TED.2012.2215611S36013607591

Obesity and Metabolic Traits after High-Fat Diet in Iberian Pigs with Low Birth Weight of Placental Origin

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and later obesity and metabolic disorders have classically been associated with maternal malnutrition, but most cases of IUGR are related to placental insufficiency. The current study, using a swine model for IUGR and obesity, aimed to determine the interaction of birth weight (categorized as low birth weight [LBW] or normal birth-weight [NBW]) and postnatal diet (categorized as maintenance diet [MD] or fattening diet [FD]) on body weight, adiposity and metabolic traits. FD induced higher body weight and adiposity (both p < 0.0001), with higher fructosamine levels (p < 0.005) and a trend toward higher HOMA-β index (p = 0.05). NBW pigs remained heavier than LBW pigs during the early juvenile period (p < 0.005), but there were no differences at later stages. There were no differences in metabolic traits during juvenile development, but there were differences in adulthood, when LBW pigs showed higher glucose and lower insulin levels than NBW pigs (both p < 0.05). These results suggest that (a) FD allows LBW offspring to achieve similar obesity in adulthood as NBW offspring, and (b) glucose metabolism is more compromised in obese LBW than obese NBW pigs. The comparison of our data with previous studies highlights significant differences between offspring with LBW induced by maternal malnutrition or placental insufficiency, which should be considered when studying the condition

Fully Inkjet-Printed Green-Emitting PEDOT:PSS/NiO/Colloidal CsPbBr3/SnO2 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diode on Rigid and Flexible Substrates

After establishing themselves as promising active materials in the field of solar cells, halide perovskites are currently being explored for fabrication of low-cost, easily processable, and highly efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Despite this, the highest efficiencies reported for perovskite-based LEDs (PeLEDs) are achieved through spin coating or vacuum evaporation deposition techniques, which are not adequate, in most of the cases, for an industrial-scale production. Additionally, the long-term stability is still a big handicap, even though all inorganic perovskites, such as CsPbBr3, are found to be more stable to external variables. In this context, herein, the fabrication of fully inkjet-printed (IJP) CsPbBr3-based PeLEDs in ambient conditions, on rigid and flexible substrates, on a proof-of-concept basis, with the successful incorporation of NiO and SnO2 as hole- and electron-selective contacts, respectively, is reported. Despite the moderate luminance (324 cd m−2) value obtained, this result paves the way toward the development of upscalable fabrication of PeLEDs based on deposition techniques with controlled spatial resolution.The authors wish to thank the financial support from the European Commission via FET Open Grant (862656, DROP-IT), MINECO (Spain) for grant PID2019-105658RB-I00 (PRITES project), Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain under Project STABLE (PID2019-107314RB-I00), and Generalitat Valenciana via Prometeo Grant Q-Devices (Prometeo/2018/098)

Efficacy and Safety of Ixekizumab in the Treatment of Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis:Sixteen-Week Results From a Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Patients With Prior Inadequate Response to or Intolerance of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of ixekizumab in patients with active radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) and prior inadequate response to or intolerance of 1 or 2 tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). Methods: In this phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adult patients with an inadequate response to or intolerance of 1 or 2 TNFi and an established diagnosis of axial SpA (according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society [ASAS] criteria for radiographic axial SpA, with radiographic sacroiliitis defined according to the modified New York criteria and ≥1 feature of SpA) were recruited and randomized 1:1:1 to receive placebo or 80-mg subcutaneous ixekizumab every 2 weeks (IXEQ2W) or 4 weeks (IXEQ4W), with an 80-mg or 160-mg starting dose. The primary end point was 40% improvement in disease activity according to the ASAS criteria (ASAS40) at week 16. Secondary outcomes and safety were also assessed. Results: A total of 316 patients were randomized to receive placebo (n = 104), IXEQ2W (n = 98), or IXEQ4W (n = 114). At week 16, significantly higher proportions of IXEQ2W patients (n = 30 [30.6%]; P = 0.003) or IXEQ4W patients (n = 29 [25.4%]; P = 0.017) had achieved an ASAS40 response versus the placebo group (n = 13 [12.5%]), with statistically significant differences reported as early as week 1 with ixekizumab treatment. Statistically significant improvements in disease activity, function, quality of life, and spinal magnetic resonance imaging–evident inflammation were observed after 16 weeks of ixekizumab treatment versus placebo. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) with ixekizumab treatment were more frequent than with placebo. Serious AEs were similar across treatment arms. One death was reported (IXEQ2W group). Conclusion: Ixekizumab treatment for 16 weeks in patients with active radiographic axial SpA and previous inadequate response to or intolerance of 1 or 2 TNFi yields rapid and significant improvements in the signs and symptoms of radiographic axial SpA versus placebo

Patterns, trends and sex differences in HIV/AIDS reported mortality in Latin American countries: 1996-2007

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>International cohort studies have shown that antiretroviral treatment (ART) has improved survival of HIV-infected individuals. National population based studies of HIV mortality exist in industrialized settings but few have been presented from developing countries. Our objective was to investigate on a population basis, the regional situation regarding HIV mortality and trends in Latin America (LA) in the context of adoption of public ART policies and gender differences.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cause of death data from vital statistics registries from 1996 to 2007 with "good" or "average" quality of mortality data were examined. Standardized mortality rates and Poisson regression models by country were developed and differences among countries assessed to identify patterns of HIV mortality over time occurring in Latin America.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Standardized HIV mortality following the adoption of public ART policies was highest in Panama and El Salvador and lowest in Chile. During the study period, three overall patterns were identified in HIV mortality trends- following the adoption of the free ART public policies; a remarkable decrement, a remarkable increment and a slight increment. HIV mortality was consistently higher in males compared to females. Mean age of death attributable to HIV increased in the majority of countries over the study period.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Vital statistics registries provide valuable information on HIV mortality in LA. While the introduction of national policies for free ART provision has coincided with declines in population-level HIV mortality and increasing age of death in some countries, in others HIV mortality has increased. Barriers to effective ART implementation and uptake in the context of free ART public provision policies should be further investigated.</p

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements