La ciudadanía limitada: Dictadura, democracia y migración en Argentina

Se reflexiona acerca de la relación entre migración internacional y ciudadanía a través del caso de migrantes argentinos radicados en Madrid (España) a lo largo de las tres últimas décadas1. El análisis cualitativo de entrevistas a exiliados políticos y migrantes económicos permite abordar dos flujos migratorios que en origen responden a contextos político-sociales divergentes (dictadura de 1976 y crisis de 2001) y, al mismo tiempo, dar cuenta de la transformación que experimentan los contextos de recepción. Se parte del supuesto de que la migración responde a un déficit en la ciudadanía en Argentina que se busca recuperar en destino. Para indagar esto, se enfocan (i) las experiencias de los entrevistados antes de la migración así como (ii) el proceso de adaptación en España; (iii) se cierra con una reflexión sobre la conformación de nuevas formas de ciudadanía.This article relations international migration and citizenship using a case study: the Argentine migration in Madrid (Spain) across the last three decades. The qualitative analysis of interviews with political and economic migrants offers the possibility to approach two migration flows that responses to diverging political and social contexts in origin (1976 dictatorship and 2001 crisis) and, at the same time, to show the transformation of receptions contexts. It is assumed that the migration responds to a deficit of citizenship in Argentina that is tried to get back in the receiving country. To investigate this, it focuses (i) the experiences of the interviewee before migration and (ii) the adaptation process in Spain; (iii) it thinks about the conformation of new forms of citizenship.Fil: Esteban, Fernando Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; ArgentinaFil: Schmidt, Erica Susana. Universidad de Salamanca; Españ

Development and validation of a simple questionnaire for the identification of hereditary breast cancer in primary care

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Breast cancer is a significant public health problem worldwide and the development of tools to identify individuals at-risk for hereditary breast cancer syndromes, where specific interventions can be proposed to reduce risk, has become increasingly relevant. A previous study in Southern Brazil has shown that a family history suggestive of these syndromes may be prevalent at the primary care level. Development of a simple and sensitive instrument, easily applicable in primary care units, would be particularly helpful in underserved communities in which identification and referral of high-risk individuals is difficult.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A simple 7-question instrument about family history of breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer, FHS-7, was developed to screen for individuals with an increased risk for hereditary breast cancer syndromes. FHS-7 was applied to 9218 women during routine visits to primary care units in Southern Brazil. Two consecutive samples of 885 women and 910 women who answered positively to at least one question and negatively to all questions were included, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were determined.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 885 women reporting a positive family history, 211 (23.8%; CI95%: 21.5–26.2) had a pedigree suggestive of a hereditary breast and/or breast and colorectal cancer syndrome. Using as cut point one positive answer, the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument were 87.6% and 56.4%, respectively. Concordance between answers in two different applications was given by a intra-class correlation (ICC) of 0.84 for at least one positive answer. Temporal stability of the instrument was adequate (ICC = 0.65).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A simple instrument for the identification of the most common hereditary breast cancer syndrome phenotypes, showing good specificity and temporal stability was developed and could be used as a screening tool in primary care to refer at-risk individuals for genetic evaluations.</p

The psychological science accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders

Genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend diagnostic boundaries, suggesting substantial pleiotropy of contributing loci. However, the nature and mechanisms of these pleiotropic effects remain unclear. We performed analyses of 232,964 cases and 494,162 controls from genome-wide studies of anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Genetic correlation analyses revealed a meaningful structure within the eight disorders, identifying three groups of inter-related disorders. Meta-analysis across these eight disorders detected 109 loci associated with at least two psychiatric disorders, including 23 loci with pleiotropic effects on four or more disorders and 11 loci with antagonistic effects on multiple disorders. The pleiotropic loci are located within genes that show heightened expression in the brain throughout the lifespan, beginning prenatally in the second trimester, and play prominent roles in neurodevelopmental processes. These findings have important implications for psychiatric nosology, drug development, and risk prediction.Peer reviewe

Registered replication report: a large multilab cross-cultural conceptual replication of Turri, Buckwalter, & Blouw (2015)

According to the Justified True Belief account of knowledge (JTB), a person can only truly know something if they have a belief that is both justified and true (i.e., knowledge is justified true belief). This account was challenged by Gettier (1963), who argued that JTB does not explain knowledge attributions in certain situations, later called Gettier-type cases, wherein a protagonist is justified in believing something to be true, but their belief was only correct due to luck. Lay people may not attribute knowledge to protagonists with justified but only luckily true beliefs. While some research has found evidence for these so-called Gettier intuitions (e.g., Machery et al., 2017a), Turri et al. (2015) found no evidence that participants attributed knowledge in a counterfeit-object Gettier-type case differently than in a matched case of justified true belief. In a large-scale, cross-cultural conceptual replication of Turri and colleagues’ (2015) Experiment 1 (N = 4,724) using a within-participants design and three vignettes across 19 geopolitical regions, we did find evidence for Gettier intuitions; participants were 1.86 times more likely to attribute knowledge to protagonists in standard cases of justified true belief than to protagonists in Gettier-type cases. These results suggest that Gettier intuitions may be detectable across different scenarios and cultural contexts. However, the size of the Gettier intuition effect did vary by vignette, and the Turri et al. (2015) vignette produced the smallest effect, which was similar in size to that observed in the original study. Differences across vignettes suggest epistemic intuitions may also depend on contextual factors unrelated to the criteria of knowledge, such as the characteristics of the protagonist being evaluated

The Psychological Science Accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Control factors of the spatial distribution of arsenic and other associated elements in loess soils and waters of the southern Pampa (Argentina)

Surface and groundwaters of El Divisorio brook (Argentina) have excessive As (WHO, USEPA, CAA: > 10 μg L− 1). The rural population is at risk of arsenicism because groundwater is the only source of water for human consumption. We analyse geoavailability of As and other associated elements (Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Fe and Na) in the solid phase (INAA-Actlabs), determine the association between As and other elements in the mineral suite and in waters, quantify Fe oxides (Feox; Mehra and Jackson) and interpret their relationship with As, total Fe (Fetotal) and Na in the solid phase applying Principal Components (PC) to understand factors and processes that rule their incorporation into groundwaters and to identify areas at risk of elevated As in waters. Intrabasin variability of total As content (range 5.80–20.70 mg kg− 1) with the highest amounts towards the discharge areas and a more irregular vertical distribution, particularly in the alluvial plain, reflects differences in As-bearer frequencies. Arsenic is slightly lower in the Bw horizons compared with the A and C horizons and it increases in the Bt horizon through clay illuviation. More than 90% of sodium-bicarbonated surface and groundwaters showed As > 10 μg L− 1 (range: 10 to 114 μg L− 1) with the highest levels in the middle–lower basin. The highest contributions to PC1 were Br (0.673), Co (0.868) and Na (− 0.769); As (0.814) and Cr (0.686) were relevant to PC2 and Ba (0.501) and Fe (0.783) were relevant to PC3. In the upper basin, a greater amount of Na withheld in the solids promotes a less aggressive geochemical environment and prevents As from entering waters, thus yielding lower As levels in the aquifer compared with the middle–lower basin. Here, alkalinity (pH: 7 up to > 9) promotes weathering and liberation of As from volcanic glass and other carriers, formation of As oxyanion species together with As desorption from charged clays and Al–Fe–Mn sesquioxides and concentration up to unacceptable levels in solution. Landform configuration, climate and pedoclimate, the residence time of water and the local hydrogeochemical variables (pH, competition with other ions, adsorption–desorption) control mobility and concentration of As in a dynamic equilibrium with the local chemistry. Evaporation (subhumid to semiarid climate) and oxyion competition reinforce As accumulation in the shallow aquifers.Fil: Díaz, Silvana Letisia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Hidrología y Riego; ArgentinaFil: Espósito, Martín Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Hidrología y Riego; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, María del Carmen. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Hidrología y Riego; ArgentinaFil: Amiotti, Nilda Mabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Hidrología y Riego; ArgentinaFil: Schmidt, Erica Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Hidrología y Riego; ArgentinaFil: Sequeira, Mario Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Hidrología y Riego; ArgentinaFil: Paoloni, Juan Dario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Hidrología y Riego; ArgentinaFil: Nicolli, Hugo Benjamin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Fuerza Aérea Argentina. Instituto de Geoquímica; Argentin