Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Características morfológicas de gramas em resposta à aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl Morphological characteristics of turf grasses in response to trinexapac-ethyl application

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de duas doses de trinexapac-ethyl sobre a morfologia das espécies de gramas São Carlos (Axonopus compressus), Batatais (Paspalum notatum), Santo Agostinho (Stenotaphrum secundatum) e Esmeralda (Zoysia japonica). Os gramados foram cortados à altura de 3 cm no início do experimento e 20 dias depois. Após cada corte, foram realizadas duas aplicações sequenciais de trinexapac-ethyl nas doses de 56,5 + 56,5 e 113,0 + 113,0 g ha-1 , além de uma testemunha sem aplicação, para cada espécie avaliada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. A redução do crescimento foi avaliada por meio da altura das plantas. Semanalmente, o número e altura de inflorescências foram avaliados por amostragem, realizada em 0,25 m² no centro das parcelas; no final do experimento, avaliou-se a massa seca total. A aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl retardou o crescimento vegetativo e a emissão das inflorescências, assim como não provocou danos aparentes nos gramados. O uso do trinexapac-ethyl nos gramados avaliados pode reduzir a necessidade de cortes em até 55 dias após a segunda aplicação.<br>The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of the sequential application of two rates of trinexapac-ethyl on the morphology of the following turf grass species: Broadleaf Carpetgrass (Axonopus compressus), Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and Korean Lawngrass (Zoysia japonica). The treatments used were trinexapac-ethyl with two sprays applied at 20 day interval at two different rates (56.5 + 56.5 and 113.0 + 113.0 g ha-1) and a control without spraying, for each species. The turf grasses were cut at the height of 3 cm, and sprayed after the treatments. Twenty days after the first treatment application, the plots were cut again and the second treatment application was carried out. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications. Growth reduction was evaluated based on the height of the plants. Inflorescence number and height were weekly evaluated by sampling, carried out in 0.25 m²in the center of the plots. Total dry matter was evaluated at the end of the experiment. Ttrinexapac-ethyl application delayed growth and inflorescence emission and did not cause any visual damage to the turf grasses. Trinexapac-ethyl application can reduce the need of cuts for a period up to 55 days after the second application