Hypothetical reconstruction of the Dramont E Shipwreck

International audienc

Les modèles tridimensionnels de l’épave Dramont E. Hydrostatique et réalité virtuelle au service de la restitution en archéologie navale

L’apparition dans le champ de l’archéologie de nouveaux outils de recherche permet bien souvent de réinterroger de manière originale des vestiges déjà fouillés et parfois même déjà publiés. L’archéologie navale et plus particulièrement l’épave Dramont E ne font pas exception à cette règle. Il s’avère en effet que ce site, pourtant fouillé et étudié de manière remarquable par Claude Santamaria et publié en 1995 dans le 13e numéro d’Archaeonautica, présentait un certain nombre de limites interprétatives que l’on peut désormais pallier en faisant appel aux techniques de restitution informatisées les plus récentes. Ainsi, à travers la production de différents modèles tridimensionnels, des vestiges de la coque restituée ou encore de la cargaison, l’occasion est donnée d’aborder trois problématiques principales qui n’avaient pu être jusqu’alors affrontées que de manière sommaire : forme de la coque, capacité de cargaison et adaptation du navire à sa fonction et à son espace de navigation.The appearance of new research tools in the field of archaeology can often lead to the re-examination in a novel manner of vestiges that have already been excavated and sometimes even published. Naval archaeology, and more specifically the Dramont E shipwreck, is susceptible to this new approach. Indeed, despite the fact that this latter site was excavated and studied in a remarkable fashion by Claude Santamaria, and published in 1995 in volume 13 of Archaeonautica, there remained a certain number of gaps in the interpretation, which can now be filled by applying the most recent digital techniques in reconstitution. Thus, through different three-dimensional models of the remains of the reconstituted hull and of the cargo, one can confront three principal issues, which until now have only been treated rather briefly: the form of the hull, the cargo capacity, and the adaptation of the ship to its function as well as to its sailing space

Napoli A, un voilier abandonné dans le port de Neapolis à la fin du Ier siècle : architecture, fonction, restitution et espace de navigation

Découverte en 2004 à l’occasion des fouilles archéologiques préventives entreprises à Naples pour la construction de la station du métro de Piazza Municipio, l’épave Napoli A a fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée mêlant les analyses architecturale, xylologique, dendrochronologique et radiocarbone, permettant in fine la restitution des structures et des formes d’origine. Au terme de ces analyses, il apparaît que ce petit navire de commerce, construit localement, a subi de nombreuses réparations lors de sa longue existence. Avant d’être abandonné près d’une jetée du port à la fin du ier siècle, ce voilier fut probablement utilisé dans une zone bien définie de la Méditerranée occidentale, à savoir la partie centrale et orientale de la mer Tyrrhénienne.The Napoli A wreck was discovered in 2004 during salvage excavations in Naples for the construction of the Piazza Municipio metro station. It was the subject of a detailed study combining architectural, xylological, radiocarbon and dendrochronological analyses that ultimately led to the reconstruction of the structure and form of the original ship. Thanks to these analyses, it appears that this small trading vessel, built locally, was repaired several times during its long existence. Before being abandoned near a pier at the end of the 1st century, this sailing ship was probably used in a well-defined area of the western Mediterranean corresponding to the central and eastern part of the Tyrrhenian Sea

Chemical ordering in bimetallic FeCo nanoparticles: From a direct chemical synthesis to application as efficient high-frequency magnetic material

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticles with tunable size and shape were prepared by co-decomposing two metal-amide precursors under mild conditions. The nature of the ligands introduced in this organometallic synthesis drastically affects the reactivity of the precursors and, thus, the chemical distribution within the nanoparticles. The presence of the B2 short-range order was evidenced in FeCo nanoparticles prepared in the presence of HDAHCl ligands, combining 57Fe Mössbauer, zero-field 59Co ferromagnetic nuclear resonance (FNR), and X-ray diffraction studies. This is the first time that the B2 structure is directly formed during synthesis without the need of any annealing step. The as-prepared nanoparticles exhibit magnetic properties comparable with the ones for the bulk (Ms = 226 Am2·kg¿1). Composite magnetic materials prepared from these FeCo nanoparticles led to a successful proof-of-concept of the integration on inductor-based filters (27% enhancement of the inductance value at 100 MHz).This work was performed in the frame of TOURS 2015, and the project was supported by the French “Programme de l’économie numérique des Investissements d’Avenir”. We gratefully acknowledge the International Associated Laboratory (LIA)-M2OZART for financial support. Some of the HR-STEM and EELS studies were conducted at the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain. R.A. gratefully acknowledges the support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through project MAT2016-79776-P (AEF/FEDER. UE). In IPCMS Strasbourg, the work was supported by the CNRS LIA “NANOFUNC” and the LABEX NIE (no. ANR-11-LABX-0058_NIE)

HIV-1/M+O INTERGROUP DUAL INFECTIONS AND ASSOCIATED HIV-MO RECOMBINANTS IN FRANCE FROM 2004 TO 2014

International audienc

La pirogue gallo-romaine de Sassenay (Saône-et-Loire)

Une pirogue monoxyle gallo-romaine a été découverte en 2007 dans la Saône, lors d’une prospection subaquatique à Sassenay. Il s’agit d’un des rares témoins de cette famille architecturale pour la période dans le bassin rhodanien. Mesurant 8,40 m de longueur, l’embarcation en chêne apparaît particulièrement cintrée.A Gallo-Roman logboat was discovered in 2007 in the Saône while prospecting underwater at Sassenay. It is one of the rare examples of this type of architecture from this period to be found in the Rhodanian basin. Measuring 8,40 m in length, the boat, made from oak, is particularly curved.Bei einer Unterwasser-Prospektion in Sassenay wurde 2007 in der Saône ein gallo-römischer Einbaum entdeckt. Es handelt sich um eines der seltenen Zeugen dieser Familie dieser Periode im Rhonebecken. Das 8,40 M lange Eichenboot scheint besonders gebogen zu sein

Crop pests and predators exhibit inconsistent responses to surrounding landscape composition

The idea that noncrop habitat enhances pest control and represents a win–win opportunity to conserve biodiversity and bolster yields has emerged as an agroecological paradigm. However, while noncrop habitat in landscapes surrounding farms sometimes benefits pest predators, natural enemy responses remain heterogeneous across studies and effects on pests are inconclusive. The observed heterogeneity in species responses to noncrop habitat may be biological in origin or could result from variation in how habitat and biocontrol are measured. Here, we use a pest-control database encompassing 132 studies and 6,759 sites worldwide to model natural enemy and pest abundances, predation rates, and crop damage as a function of landscape composition. Our results showed that although landscape composition explained significant variation within studies, pest and enemy abundances, predation rates, crop damage, and yields each exhibited different responses across studies, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing in landscapes with more noncrop habitat but overall showing no consistent trend. Thus, models that used landscape-composition variables to predict pest-control dynamics demonstrated little potential to explain variation across studies, though prediction did improve when comparing studies with similar crop and landscape features. Overall, our work shows that surrounding noncrop habitat does not consistently improve pest management, meaning habitat conservation may bolster production in some systems and depress yields in others. Future efforts to develop tools that inform farmers when habitat conservation truly represents a win–win would benefit from increased understanding of how landscape effects are modulated by local farm management and the biology of pests and their enemies

Root Herbivore Effects on Aboveground Multitrophic Interactions: Patterns, Processes and Mechanisms

In terrestrial food webs, the study of multitrophic interactions traditionally has focused on organisms that share a common domain, mainly above ground. In the last two decades, it has become clear that to further understand multitrophic interactions, the barrier between the belowground and aboveground domains has to be crossed. Belowground organisms that are intimately associated with the roots of terrestrial plants can influence the levels of primary and secondary chemistry and biomass of aboveground plant parts. These changes, in turn, influence the growth, development, and survival of aboveground insect herbivores. The discovery that soil organisms, which are usually out of sight and out of mind, can affect plant-herbivore interactions aboveground raised the question if and how higher trophic level organisms, such as carnivores, could be influenced. At present, the study of above-belowground interactions is evolving from interactions between organisms directly associated with the plant roots and shoots (e.g., root feeders - plant - foliar herbivores) to interactions involving members of higher trophic levels (e.g., parasitoids), as well as non-herbivorous organisms (e.g., decomposers, symbiotic plant mutualists, and pollinators). This multitrophic approach linking above- and belowground food webs aims at addressing interactions between plants, herbivores, and carnivores in a more realistic community setting. The ultimate goal is to understand the ecology and evolution of species in communities and, ultimately how community interactions contribute to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we summarize studies on the effects of root feeders on aboveground insect herbivores and parasitoids and discuss if there are common trends. We discuss the mechanisms that have been reported to mediate these effects, from changes in concentrations of plant nutritional quality and secondary chemistry to defense signaling. Finally, we discuss how the traditional framework of fixed paired combinations of root- and shoot-related organisms feeding on a common plant can be transformed into a more dynamic and realistic framework that incorporates community variation in species, densities, space and time, in order to gain further insight in this exciting and rapidly developing field

Symptom-based stratification of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: multi-dimensional characterisation of international observational cohorts and reanalyses of randomised clinical trials

Background Heterogeneity is a major obstacle to developing effective treatments for patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. We aimed to develop a robust method for stratification, exploiting heterogeneity in patient-reported symptoms, and to relate these differences to pathobiology and therapeutic response. Methods We did hierarchical cluster analysis using five common symptoms associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pain, fatigue, dryness, anxiety, and depression), followed by multinomial logistic regression to identify subgroups in the UK Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Registry (UKPSSR). We assessed clinical and biological differences between these subgroups, including transcriptional differences in peripheral blood. Patients from two independent validation cohorts in Norway and France were used to confirm patient stratification. Data from two phase 3 clinical trials were similarly stratified to assess the differences between subgroups in treatment response to hydroxychloroquine and rituximab. Findings In the UKPSSR cohort (n=608), we identified four subgroups: Low symptom burden (LSB), high symptom burden (HSB), dryness dominant with fatigue (DDF), and pain dominant with fatigue (PDF). Significant differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibody positivity, as well as serum IgG, κ-free light chain, β2-microglobulin, and CXCL13 concentrations were observed between these subgroups, along with differentially expressed transcriptomic modules in peripheral blood. Similar findings were observed in the independent validation cohorts (n=396). Reanalysis of trial data stratifying patients into these subgroups suggested a treatment effect with hydroxychloroquine in the HSB subgroup and with rituximab in the DDF subgroup compared with placebo. Interpretation Stratification on the basis of patient-reported symptoms of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome revealed distinct pathobiological endotypes with distinct responses to immunomodulatory treatments. Our data have important implications for clinical management, trial design, and therapeutic development. Similar stratification approaches might be useful for patients with other chronic immune-mediated diseases. Funding UK Medical Research Council, British Sjogren's Syndrome Association, French Ministry of Health, Arthritis Research UK, Foundation for Research in Rheumatology

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements