6 research outputs found

    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

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    In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

    Aplicacion de la gastrostomía percutánea en ORL

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    INTRODUCTION: Gastrostomy is a very useful technique to maintain an adequate nutritional status in patients with head and neck cancer. It presents very good acceptability and complete adherence of treatments. DISCUSSION: PEG is a good nutritional option for our oncological patients. It is a minimally invasive method with low morbility and mortality rates, low economical cost and very good social acceptability. We summarize the main ENT indications of this technique. CONCLUSION: Our department indicate the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with head and neck cancer who are unable to maintain an adequate nutritional status and need enteral nutrition for more than 8 weeks. Its acceptability is very good and complications are generally minor ones. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy should replace to nasogastric feeding tubes and to open gastrostomy in patients with short life expectancy.INTRODUCCIÓN: La gastrostomía en los pacientes oncológicos de cabeza y cuello permite un apropiado aporte nutricional y por tanto un buen estado general, lo que facilita una mejor tolerancia y cumplimiento de los tratamientos. DISCUSIÓN: La PEG (gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea) es una buena opción para la nutrición de nuestros pacientes que presenta importantes ventajas, tanto por la baja morbimortalidad que presenta la técnica como por la buena aceptación social, evitando los problemas nasales y esofágicos y por el bajo coste que supone. Se realiza un repaso de las principales indicaciones ORL que pueden precisar esta técnica. CONCLUSIÓN:En nuestro servicio se realiza la gastrostomía percutánea a los pacientes oncológicos que requieren nutrición enteral durante más de 8 semanas. Su tolerancia por parte del paciente es buena y las complicaciones generalmente menores. La PEG debería sustituir a la sonda nasogástrica y a la gastrostomía quirúrgica en un futuro en pacientes con esperanza de vida limitada

    Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

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    Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

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    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

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    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition).

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