364 research outputs found
Becoming a god. The death of Augustus and the rise of the imperial monarchy
Une des manifestations les plus remarquables de lâintelligence politique dont Auguste ?t preuve tout au long de sa vie fut dâavoir organisĂ© dans les moindres dĂ©tails ses propres funĂ©railles. Il sâagissait dâĂ©viter que se reproduisent Ă cette occasion les troubles qui avaient suivi la mort de son pĂšre adoptif Jules CĂ©sar le 15 mars 44 av. J.-C. et de garantir dans le mĂȘme temps le succĂšs de la premiĂšre transmission dynastique du pouvoir impĂ©rial. Cet article Ă©tudie les enjeux politiques des Ă©vĂ©nements des mois dâaoĂ»t et septembre 14 ap. J.-C. dans un ordre chronologique qui passe en revue les trois Ă©tapes suivantes : le dĂ©cĂšs dâAuguste proprement dit Ă travers les rĂ©cits Ă©di?ants qui lui ont Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ©s durant lâAntiquitĂ© ; le traitement de sa dĂ©pouille jusquâau transfert de ses cendres dans son MausolĂ©e ; sa divinisation. Le mythe dâAuguste est nĂ© en 14 ap. J.-C., au moment mĂȘme oĂč la continuitĂ© de la monarchie impĂ©riale Ă©tait dĂ©?nitivement assurĂ©e.One of the more remarkable examples of the political sagacity that Augustus demonstrated throughout his life was the careful planning of and provision for his own funeral. This was done both to avoid any repetition of the disturbances that followed the death of his adoptive father, Julius Caesar on March 15, 44 BC, and to ensure the success of the ?rst transmission of power within an imperial dynasty. This article examines the political issues underwriting the events of August and September 14 AD, proceeding chronologically through three phases: the death of Augustus itself, considered from the perspective of the exemplary tales that circulated in antiquity; the treatment of his body, culminating in the transfer of his ashes to his mausoleum; his dei?cation. The myth of Augustus was born in 14 AD, at the crucial moment when the continuity of the imperial monarchy was realized.Una de las manifestaciones mĂĄs destacables de la inteligencia polĂtica de la que Augusto hizo gala a lo largo de toda su vida fue la organizaciĂłn de sus propias exequias hasta el mĂĄs mĂnimo detalle. Trataba con ello de evitar que se reprodujesen los mismos problemas que siguieron a la muerte de su padre adoptivo Julio CĂ©sar el 15 de marzo del 44 a. C. y de garantizar, al mismo tiempo, el Ă©xito de la primera transmisiĂłn dinĂĄstica del poder imperial. Este artĂculo analiza los aspectos polĂticos de los acontecimientos que tuvieron lugar durante los meses de agosto y septiembre del 14 d. C. en orden cronolĂłgico a travĂ©s de tres etapas: la muerte de Augusto propiamente dicha mediante los relatos ejemplares que le fueron dedicados durante la AntigĂŒedad; el trato a sus restos hasta el traslado de sus cenizas a su mausoleo; su divinizaciĂłn. El mito de Augusto naciĂł el 14 d. C., en el momento mismo en el que la continuidad de la monarquĂa imperial estuvo de?nitivamente asegurada
Une décennie de recherches sur Auguste. Bilan historiographique (1996-2006)
Cette chronique prĂ©sente, de maniĂšre orientĂ©e et critique, un bilan de la production historiographique consacrĂ©e Ă Auguste durant la derniĂšre dĂ©cennie (1996-2006) et en propose un classement qui est fonction des perspectives adoptĂ©es. Les pouvoirs dâAuguste continuent dâĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ©s dâun point de vue institutionnel et ont fait lâobjet de multiples travaux qui sont synthĂ©tisĂ©s dans la premiĂšre partie, mais dâautres approches se sont dĂ©veloppĂ©es en rĂ©action Ă une analyse juridique qui sâinscrit dans la tradition de Mommsen. Les apports de la sociologie historique ont Ă©tĂ© tout dâabord exploitĂ©s pour montrer dans quelle mesure un des fondements du pouvoir dâAuguste Ă©tait son acceptation par diffĂ©rentes couches de la sociĂ©tĂ© romaine (deuxiĂšme partie, qui soumet Ă une analyse critique les travaux de Flaig sur le consensus). Les formes dâexpression et de rĂ©pression de lâopposition au pouvoir impĂ©rial ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ©es (troisiĂšme partie, qui prend en compte les ouvrages de Dettenhofer, Rohr Vio et Cogitore). Le pouvoir augustĂ©en se manifesta enfin Ă travers sa reprĂ©sentation ou son auto-reprĂ©sentation dans lâespace public de Rome et des citĂ©s de lâEmpire (quatriĂšme partie).This chronicle presents in an oriented and critical way an assessment of the historiographic production devoted to Augustus during the last decade (19996-2006) and proposes a classification in keeping with the adopted perspectives. Augustus' powers are still being studied from an institutional point of view and have been the object of a great many works which have been synthetized in the first part, but other approaches have developed in reaction against a juridical analysis in accordance with Mommsen's tradition. The contributions of historical sociology have in the first place been exploited to show the extent to which one of the foundations of Augustus' power was his admittance by different layers of Roman society (second part which submits to a critical analysis Flaid's works on the consensus). The forms of expression and repression of the opposition to imperial power have also been examined (third part which takes into account the works of Dettenhofer, Rohr Vio and Cogitore). Lastly, Augustus' power manifested itself through its representation or self-representation within the public space of Rome and the cities of the Empire (fourth part)
Pro consule uel pro praetore? à propos des titres et des pouvoirs des gouverneurs prétoriens d'Afrique, de Sicile et de Sardaigne-Corse sous la République romaine (227-52 av. J.-C.)
Dieser Artikel fuÌhrt die ebenfalls in diesem Band publizierten Untersuchungen von F. Vervaet zum prĂ€torischen Proconsulat in der römischen Republik weiter, indem sie am Beispiel der Fasten der Provinzen Africa, Sizilien und Sardinia et Corsica (225â52 v.Chr.) uÌberpruÌft werden. Der Artikel ist in drei Abschnitte unterteilt: Der einleitende Abschnitt beschĂ€ftigt sich mit den Titeln und Machtbefugnissen der im Rang eines PrĂ€tors stehenden Gouverneure, der anschlieĂende untersucht die Anzahl der diese Gouverneure begleitenden Liktoren und fasces (sechs oder zwölf?), um so einen Anhaltspunkt fuÌr die Art ihres imperium (prĂ€torisch oder konsularisch?) zu gewinnen. Der letzte Abschnitt enthĂ€lt eine Analyse der Titel dieser Gouverneure auf Grund einer detaillierten Untersuchung der Fasten der betreffenden drei Provinzen. Es ergibt sich, dass sich der Titel pro consule seit den 70er Jahren v.Chr. allgemein verbreitet hat. Dieser Prozess vollzog sich jedoch nicht systematisch. Man darf auch nicht annehmen, dass eine sullanische Reform der Verwendung des Titels pro praetore ein Ende gesetzt hat (dies legen die Zeugnisse fuÌr Sex. Peducaeus und Verres im Falle Siziliens nahe).This article extends the work of F. Vervaet on the praetorian proconsulate in the Roman Republic, published in this volume of Chiron, by examining the fasti of the provinces of Africa, Sicily and Sardinia et Corsica (227â52 BC). It is subdivided into three sections. The first part is dedicated to the terminology used to describe the titles and powers of the governors of praetorian rank. Secondly, the question of the number of lictors and fasces that accompanied them (six or twelve?) is discussed in order to establish the nature of their imperium (praetorian or consular?). Thirdly, an analysis of the titles of these governors is achieved by means of a detailed study of the fasti of the three provinces in question. It emerges that the title of pro consule is widely used from the year 70 BC onwards, but not systematically so; there is no need to assume that a reform by Sulla formally ended the use of the title pro praetore (this is supported in the case of Sicily by the documentation relating to Sex. Peducaeus and Verres).Cet article prolonge les analyses de F. Vervaet sur le proconsulat prĂ©torien de la RĂ©publique romaine, publiĂ©es dans ce volume de Chiron, en les mettant Ă lâĂ©preuve des fastes des provinces dâAfrique, de Sicile et de Sardaigne-Corse (227â52 a.C.). Il se subdivise en trois chapitres. Des propos liminaires sont consacrĂ©s Ă la terminologie en vigueur pour dĂ©crire les titres et pouvoirs des gouverneurs de rang prĂ©torien. Le nombre de licteurs et de fasces qui les accompagnaient (six ou douze?) est ensuite examinĂ© en tant quâindice permettant de dĂ©finir la nature de leur imperium (prĂ©torien ou consulaire?). Vient enfin lâanalyse des titres de ces gouverneurs Ă travers une Ă©tude dĂ©taillĂ©e des fastes des trois provinces concernĂ©es. Il ressort que le titre de pro consule se gĂ©nĂ©ralisa Ă partir des annĂ©es 70 a.C., mais de façon non systĂ©matique et sans quâil faille supposer de rĂ©forme syllanienne mettant un terme Ă lâemploi du titre de pro praetore (câest ce quâindique pour la Sicile la documentation relative Ă Sex. Peducaeus et Ă VerrĂšs)
Die Geschichtsschreibung der römischen Republik in Frankreich: sechs Jahrzehnte der Forschung (1960â2020)
Bei einer Bestandsaufnahme der aktuellen Forschung zur römischen Republik geht es nicht allein darum, von den Forschern zu sprechen, die heute eine nationale Geschichtsschreibung verkörpern, sondern man muss auch die in Betracht ziehen, die unsere groĂen Lehrer oder die Lehrer dieser Lehrer waren. In Hinblick auf Frankreich ist da als herausragende Persönlichkeit Claude Nicolet (1930â2010) zu nennen, der von den 60er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts und bis in die 1990er Jahre im wahrsten Sinne de..
Lâhistoriographie française de la RĂ©publique romaine : six dĂ©cennies de recherche (1960-2020)
Dresser un Ă©tat des lieux actuel de la recherche en France sur la RĂ©publique romaine revient Ă parler non seulement dâindividualitĂ©s qui incarnent aujourdâhui une historiographie nationale, mais aussi de ceux qui ont Ă©tĂ© nos maĂźtres ou les maĂźtres de nos maĂźtres. Pour la France, une figure se dĂ©tache, celle de Claude Nicolet (1930-2010), qui a littĂ©ralement fait Ă©cole Ă partir des annĂ©es 60 du XXe siĂšcle et jusque dans les annĂ©es 1990. Mais il nâĂ©tait pas isolĂ© et nous commencerons par releve..
Shoulder isokinetic profile after Latarjet's technique
peer reviewedThe following procedures were performed on 23 patients (15 of them males): a shoulder strength isokinetic evaluation of the internal (IR) and external (ER) rotators (with the shoulder 45 degrees and 90 degrees abducted in the frontal plane), a passive range of motion measurement, a Rowe score and a scanner exam. These patients had previously undergone open coracoid transposition using Latarjet's technique according to two different surgical procedures: a tenotomy (n = 6) or a splitting (n = 17) of the subscapularis muscle approach. In our retrospective study, the period of time between surgery and assessment was an average of 30 months. The average Rowe score was 89 on a scale of 100, with a good pattern of passive mobility. The isokinetic data showed an external rotator weakness (in all testing conditions), most notably at 60 degrees/s in 45 degrees of abduction position (p = stage II (corresponding exclusively to the tenotomy surgical approach) showed an internal rotator weakness (19%) measured in 45 degrees of abduction. Patients (n = 13) without subscapularis fatty degradation (corresponding solely to the horizontal splitting approach) did not develop any impairment of strength in internal rotators. Furthermore, no correlation between mobility pattern and strength impairment was observed in the study
Super-heavy fermion material as metallic refrigerant for adiabatic demagnetization cooling
Low-temperature refrigeration is of crucial importance in fundamental
research of condensed matter physics, as the investigations of fascinating
quantum phenomena, such as superconductivity, superfluidity and quantum
criticality, often require refrigeration down to very low temperatures.
Currently, cryogenic refrigerators with He gas are widely used for cooling
below 1 Kelvin. However, usage of the gas is being increasingly difficult due
to the current world-wide shortage. Therefore, it is important to consider
alternative methods of refrigeration. Here, we show that a new type of
refrigerant, super-heavy electron metal, YbCoZn, can be used for
adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration, which does not require 3He gas. A
number of advantages includes much better metallic thermal conductivity
compared to the conventional insulating refrigerants. We also demonstrate that
the cooling performance is optimized in YbScCoZn by
partial Sc substitution with 0.19. The substitution induces chemical
pressure which drives the materials close to a zero-field quantum critical
point. This leads to an additional enhancement of the magnetocaloric effect in
low fields and low temperatures enabling final temperatures well below 100 mK.
Such performance has up to now been restricted to insulators. Since nearly a
century the same principle of using local magnetic moments has been applied for
adiabatic demagnetization cooling. This study opens new possibilities of using
itinerant magnetic moments for the cryogen-free refrigeration
Genetic risk factors for cerebrovascular disease in children with sickle cell disease: design of a case-control association study and genomewide screen
BACKGROUND: The phenotypic heterogeneity of sickle cell disease is likely the result of multiple genetic factors and their interaction with the sickle mutation. High transcranial doppler (TCD) velocities define a subgroup of children with sickle cell disease who are at increased risk for developing ischemic stroke. The genetic factors leading to the development of a high TCD velocity (i.e. cerebrovascular disease) and ultimately to stroke are not well characterized. METHODS: We have designed a case-control association study to elucidate the role of genetic polymorphisms as risk factors for cerebrovascular disease as measured by a high TCD velocity in children with sickle cell disease. The study will consist of two parts: a candidate gene study and a genomewide screen and will be performed in 230 cases and 400 controls. Cases will include 130 patients (TCD ℠200 cm/s) randomized in the Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) study as well as 100 other patients found to have high TCD in STOP II screening. Four hundred sickle cell disease patients with a normal TCD velocity (TCD < 170 cm/s) will be controls. The candidate gene study will involve the analysis of 28 genetic polymorphisms in 20 candidate genes. The polymorphisms include mutations in coagulation factor genes (Factor V, Prothrombin, Fibrinogen, Factor VII, Factor XIII, PAI-1), platelet activation/function (GpIIb/IIIa, GpIb IX-V, GpIa/IIa), vascular reactivity (ACE), endothelial cell function (MTHFR, thrombomodulin, VCAM-1, E-Selectin, L-Selectin, P-Selectin, ICAM-1), inflammation (TNFα), lipid metabolism (Apo A1, Apo E), and cell adhesion (VCAM-1, E-Selectin, L-Selectin, P-Selectin, ICAM-1). We will perform a genomewide screen of validated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pooled DNA samples from 230 cases and 400 controls to study the possible association of additional polymorphisms with the high-risk phenotype. High-throughput SNP genotyping will be performed through MALDI-TOF technology using Sequenom's MassARRAY⹠system. DISCUSSION: It is expected that this study will yield important information on genetic risk factors for the cerebrovascular disease phenotype in sickle cell disease by clarifying the role of candidate genes in the development of high TCD. The genomewide screen for a large number of SNPs may uncover the association of novel polymorphisms with cerebrovascular disease and stroke in sickle cell disease
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