Public Opinion and the Death Penalty: A Qualitative Approach

Strong public support for capital punishment is arguably the number one reason why the death penalty continues to be used as a form of correctional policy in the U.S. criminal justice system. Therefore, it is fundamental that the measure of death penalty opinion be heavily scrutinized. Utilizing a methodological approach not typically employed in this area, the current study conducted six focus groups to gain a better understanding of the complexity of these opinions. During the focus groups, participants were asked to state their general beliefs concerning the death penalty, respond to scenarios, and respond to research findings regarding the death penalty (i.e., costs, deterrence, wrongful convictions, race, etc.). The findings suggest that participants\u27 views regarding the death penalty are more multifaceted than previously believed. This study further suggests that current methods used to measure public support of the death penalty fail to capture the complexity of sentiment on this issue

Perioperative Factors Associated With Postoperative Delirium in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery:An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis

IMPORTANCE: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common and serious complication after surgery. Various predisposing factors are associated with POD, but their magnitude and importance using an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis have not been assessed.OBJECTIVE: To identify perioperative factors associated with POD and assess their relative prognostic value among adults undergoing noncardiac surgery.DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL from inception to May 2020.STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included that (1) enrolled adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, (2) assessed perioperative risk factors for POD, and (3) measured the incidence of delirium (measured using a validated approach). Data were analyzed in 2020.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Individual patient data were pooled from 21 studies and 1-stage meta-analysis was performed using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression after a multivariable imputation via chained equations model to impute missing data.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The end point of interest was POD diagnosed up to 10 days after a procedure. A wide range of perioperative risk factors was considered as potentially associated with POD.RESULTS: A total of 192 studies met the eligibility criteria, and IPD were acquired from 21 studies that enrolled 8382 patients. Almost 1 in 5 patients developed POD (18%), and an increased risk of POD was associated with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status 4 (odds ratio [OR], 2.43; 95% CI, 1.42-4.14), older age (OR for 65-85 years, 2.67; 95% CI, 2.16-3.29; OR for &gt;85 years, 6.24; 95% CI, 4.65-8.37), low body mass index (OR for body mass index &lt;18.5, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.64-3.09), history of delirium (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.69-5.66), preoperative cognitive impairment (OR, 3.99; 95% CI, 2.94-5.43), and preoperative C-reactive protein levels (OR for 5-10 mg/dL, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.59-3.50; OR for &gt;10 mg/dL, 3.56; 95% CI, 2.46-5.17). Completing a college degree or higher was associated with a decreased likelihood of developing POD (OR 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28-0.72).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data, several important factors associated with POD were found that may help identify patients at high risk and may have utility in clinical practice to inform patients and caregivers about the expected risk of developing delirium after surgery. Future studies should explore strategies to reduce delirium after surgery.</p

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change

Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change.Peer reviewe

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Weissenhofsiedlung Stoccarda 1927 - 2017. Approfondimenti e interpretazioni.

Il libro è il risultato di una ricerca e di un workshop internazionale che hanno avuto come esito una mostra, organizzata con il contributo del Goethe-Institut, da Embrice2030, dal Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università Roma Tre e dal Dipartimento di Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell’Architettura di Sapienza Università di Roma. La Mostra è stata curata da Milena Farina, Giovanni Longobardi, Giovanna Spadafora e Giuliano Valeri per Roma Tre; da Federica Dal Falco e Sabrina Lucibello per l’Università Sapienza; da Vittorio Giusepponi, Diana Giaisa Rinaldi e Carla Scura per Embrice2030. I materiali esposti costituiscono i risultati del Workshop tenutosi nell’ottobre 2017 presso la sede del Goethe-Institut al quale hanno partecipato studenti di architettura di Roma Tre e dottorandi e studenti di Design della Sapienza insieme a ricercatori e giovani artisti facenti capo alla APS Embrice2030. La mostra presenta un lavoro di approfondimento e interpretazione, coordinato da Carlo Severati e A lberto Giuliani, di alcuni aspetti della Weissenhofsiedlung di Stoccarda: un piccolo quartiere sperimentale costruito ad opera di alcuni fra i maggiori architetti europei del ’900 sotto la direzione di Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Il quartiere faceva parte di una grande Esposizione programmata per il 1927, da luglio a settembre, dal Deutscher Werkbund, anche come risposta alla celebre Exposition des Arts décoratifs et industriels modernes svoltasi a Parigi nel 1925. Gli alloggi erano in tutto 60, nella maggior parte diversi uno dall’altro, con l’eccezione di quelli progettati dagli architetti olandesi Oud e Stam. Solo 11 dei 21 edifici di abitazione sono sopravvissuti nelle loro forme originali. Il quartiere, e l’intera Esposizione, sono stati il punto di incontro di artisti di varie tendenze progressiste, tedeschi ed europei, dopo la difficile fase di post-bellica culminata con la Repubblica di Weimar nel 1919. Il catalogo è stato concepito in tre sezioni: architettura, design, arti. I progetti pubblicati sono accompagnati da descrizioni e illustrazioni. La seconda parte del catalogo presenta saggi e approfondimenti degli autori. La sezione Design è per la cura scientifica di Federica Dal Falco. The book is the result of an international research and workshop and an exhibition, organized with the contribution of the Goethe-Institut, by Embrice2030, the Department of Architecture of the Roma Tre University and the Department of Planning Design Technology of Architecture of Sapienza University of Rome. The exhibition was curated by Milena Farina, Giovanni Longobardi, Giovanna Spadafora and Giuliano Valeri for Roma Tre; by Federica Dal Falco and Sabrina Lucibello for Sapienza University; by Vittorio Giusepponi, Diana Giaisa Rinaldi and Carla Scura for Embrice2030. The projects and research exhibited constitute the results of the Workshop held in October 2017 at the Goethe-Institut in Rome which was attended by students of architecture from Roma Tre and PhD students and students of Design from Sapienza together with researchers and young artists from the APS Embrice2030. The exhibition presents an in-depth study and interpretation, coordinated by Carlo Severati and A lberto Giuliani, of some aspects of the Weissenhofsiedlung in Stuttgart: a small experimental neighborhood built by some of the greatest European architects of the twentieth century under the direction of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The neighborhood was part of a large exhibition scheduled for 1927, from July to September, by the Deutscher Werkbund, also as a response to the famous Exposition des Arts décoratifs et industriels modernes held in Paris in 1925. The buildings were mostly different from one another, with the exception of those designed by Dutch architects Oud and Stam. Only 11 of the 21 residential buildings have survived in their original forms. The neighborhood, and the entire Exhibition, were the meeting point for artists of various progressive trends, German and European, after the difficult post-war phase that culminated with the Weimar Republic in 1919. The catalog was conceived in three sections: architecture, design, arts. The published projects are accompanied by descriptions and illustrations. The second part of the catalog presents essays and insights by the authors. The scientific responsible of the Design section is Federica Dal Falco.Il libro concerne studi, ricerche e interpretazioni interdisciplinari tra arti, design e architettura sulla Weissenhofsiedlung di Stoccarda del 1917 presentati sotto forma di saggi e come progetti e opere esposti in occasione della Mostra "Abitare la Weissenhofsiedlung di Stoccarda 1927-2017. Approfondimenti e interpretazioni" tenuta dal 9 maggio al 17 giugno 2018 presso il Goethe Institut Rom sede di Roma. I materiali oggetto della Mostra costituiscono i risultati del Workshop internazionale e interdisciplinare tenuto presso la sede del Goethe-Institut curato e organizzato da docenti di Roma tre Università degli studi - Dipartimento di Architettura, Sapienza Università di Roma - Dipartimento di Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell’Architettura Sapienza Università di Roma - Dottorato in Pianificazione, Design, Tecnologie dell'Architettura, Associazione Embrice 2030, Goethe-Institut Rom. Al workshop hanno partecipato studenti e dottorandi delle due Istituzioni universitarie, artisti e membri dell'Associazione culturale Embrice 2030. Il quartiere sperimentale della Weissenhofsiedlung venne costruito ad opera dei maggiori architetti europei del Novecento sotto la guida di Mies van der Rohe. Il quartiere faceva parte di una grande Esposizione programmata per il 1927, da luglio a settembre, dal Deutscher Werkbund, e rappresentò il punto di incontro tra artisti, architetti progressisti e designer uniti nella diversità delle espressioni progettuali da un comune sentire, volto alla ricerca di una nuova dimensione dell'abitare aderente ai principi della modernità. Le ricerche e i progetti realizzati durante il workshop, tra arti, design e architettura, hanno interpretato nella contemporaneità forme e tecnologie secondo un approccio che considera il progetto quale risultato di un'evoluzione dinamica, considerando le opere del passato come un patrimonio di forme e idee programmatiche che si proiettano nel presente e nel futuro. La sezione Design (p. 20-29; p. 96-114), per la cura scientifica di Dal Falco, si pone in continuità con l'esperienza svolta nel 2014 che ha prospettato con analoghe metodologie - workshop di product design e di Design della comunicazione visiva e multimediale- la reinterpretazione dell'Esposizione del Werkbund (1914) di Colonia. Lo specifico contributo di dal Falco, dal titolo “Weissenhofsiedlung 1927. La questione tecnologica della modernità tra architettura e design” (p. 65-83), riguarda la questione tecnologica, il concetto di tipo e la produzione in serie che costituirono uno degli aspetti più rilevanti nel rapporto tra architettura e design.The book concerns studies, research and interdisciplinary interpretations between arts, design and architecture on the Stuttgart Weissenhofsiedlung of 1917. The studies are presented in the form of essays and as projects and works that are exhibited on the occasion of the "Abitare la Weissenhofsiedlung in Stuttgart 1927-2017. Insights and interpretations" held from 9 May to 17 June 2018 at the Goethe Institut Rom in Rome. The materials of the Exhibition are the results of the international and interdisciplinary Workshop held at the Goethe-Institut, which is curated and organized by professors from Rome - Department of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome - Department of Planning, Architectural Technology Sapienza University of Rome - PhD in Planning, Design, Architectural Technologies, Embrice 2030 Association, Goethe-Institut Rom. Students and PhD students of the two university institutions, artists and members of the Embrice 2030 cultural association took part in the workshop. Weissenhofsiedlung was built by the greatest European architects of the twentieth century, coordinated by Mies van der Rohe. The neighborhood was part of a large Exhibition which was held from July to September 1927 by the Deutscher Werkbund, and represented the meeting point between artists, progressive architects and designers united in the diversity of design expressions from a common feeling, aimed at the search for a new dimension of living adhering to the principles of modernity. The research and projects carried out during the workshop, between arts, design and architecture, have interpreted contemporary forms and technologies according to an approach that considers the project as the result of a dynamic evolution and the past as a heritage of forms and ideas that are projected in the present and in the future. The Design section (p. 20-29; p. 96-114), edited by Dal Falco, is in continuity with the experience carried out in 2014 which presented similar methodologies - product design and visual communication design workshops and multimedia) the reinterpretation of the Werkbund Exhibition (1914) in Cologne. The specific contribution of dal Falco, entitled “Weissenhofsiedlung 1927. The technological question of modernity between architecture and design” (p. 65-83), concerns the technological question, the concept of type and mass production which constituted one of the aspects more relevant in the relationship between architecture and design