Elaboración de clara de huevo deshidratada pasteurizada

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Industrias Alimentarias. Departamento Académico de Tecnología de Alimentos y Productos AgropecuariosLa clara deshidratada es valorada principalmente por sus propiedades de formación de gel y formación de espuma. En este trabajo se describió las operaciones involucradas en el proceso de obtención de clara de huevo deshidratada pasteurizada, se mencionó los principales factores que afectan sus propiedades funcionales. En la etapa de evaluación de materia prima, se determinó que mientras más baja es la frescura del huevo, las propiedades de formación de espuma son menores, luego en la operación de cascado se obtuvo cáscara, yema y clara, en esta etapa se determinó que los niveles altos de contaminación de yema en clara disminuyen las propiedades de formación de espuma. La operación de desglucosado eliminó la glucosa presente en la clara, previniendo la reacción de Maillard, se determinó que el desglucosado no tuvo efecto significativo en las propiedades funcionales. La clara desglucosada fue sometida a un proceso de concentración por ultrafiltración, con esto se logró disminuir el contenido de agua hasta en un 50 por ciento, logrando ahorros significativos en la deshidratación, en esta etapa se determinó que sí hubo efectos positivos sobre la propiedad de formación de gel y efectos negativos sobre las propiedades de formación de espuma. El proceso de deshidratación se realizó por aspersión, logrando obtener una humedad entre 6 y 8 por ciento, encontrando que esta etapa no afecta significativamente las propiedades funcionales. El proceso de pasteurización en seco tuvo la finalidad de disminuir la carga microbiana y a la vez incrementar las propiedades funcionales, en esta etapa se obtuvo un incremento de la propiedad de formación de gel hasta en seis veces, y de formación de espuma hasta en dos veces.The dehydrated egg white is prized mainly for its gel formation and foaming properties. This work described the operations involved in the process of obtaining pasteurized dehydrated egg white, mentioned the main factors affecting its functional properties, in the stage of raw material evaluation, it was determined that the lower freshness of the egg, the foam formation properties were lower, then in the breaking operation egg shell, egg yolk and egg white were obtained, it was determined that high levels yolk contamination in egg white decreased the foaming properties. The desugaring operation eliminated glucose present in the egg white, preventing the Maillard reaction, it was determined that the desugaring had no significant effect on the functional properties. desugared liquid egg white was concentrated by ultrafiltration process, with this it was possible to reduce the water content by up to 50 percent, achieving significant savings in dehydration costs, at this stage it was determined that if there were positive effects on the property of gel formation and negative effects on the foaming properties; the following process was the dehydration, which was carried out by spraying, obtaining a moisture between 6 and 8 percent, finding that the dehydration process does not affect significantly the functional properties. Finally, the process of dry pasteurization, which had the purpose of reducing the microbial load and at the same time increasing the functional properties, therefore an increase of gel formation was obtained up to six times, and foam formation up to two times.Trabajo de suficiencia profesiona

Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Thermoresponsive Polymers in Aqueous Solution

The behavior of highly concentrated aqueous solutions of two thermoresponsive polymers poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) have been investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Measurements have been performed for concentrations up to 20 wt %, over a frequency range from 0.3 to 1.5 THz and for temperatures from 20 to 45 °C including the zone for lower critical solution temperature (LCST). THz-TDS enables the study of the behavior of water present in the solution (i.e., free or bound to the polymer). From these measurements, in addition to phase transition temperature, thermodynamic data such as variation of enthalpy and entropy can be inferred. Thanks to these data, further insights upon the mechanism involved during the dehydration phenomenon were obtained. These results were compared to the ones issued from dynamic light scattering, spectroscopy, or microscopy techniques to underline the interest to use THz-TDS as a powerful tool to characterize the behavior of thermoresponsive polymers in highly concentrated solutions

Cancer screening in France: subjects’ and physicians’ attitudes

International audienceOBJECTIVE: Since screening for cancer has been advocated, funded, and promoted in France, it is important to evaluate the attitudes of subjects in the general population and general practitioners (GPs) toward cancer screening strategies. METHODS: EDIFICE is a nationwide opinion poll that was carried out by telephone among a representative sample of 1,504 subjects living in France and aged between 40 and 75 years and among a representative sample of 600 GPs. The questionnaire administered to subjects queried about previous screening for cancer. RESULTS: Ninety-three percent of women stated that they had undergone at least one mammography. Although rated "A" recommendation-strongly recommended-by the US Preventive Services Task Force, screening for colorectal cancer received less attention than prostate cancer screening which is rated "I"-insufficient evidence-(reported screening rates of 25% and 36%, respectively). Six percent of subjects stated that they had undergone lung cancer screening. GPs' attitudes toward cancer screening showed similar inconsistencies. CONCLUSIONS: It thus appears that understanding of cancer screening practices in the French general population does not match scientific evidence. To a lesser extent, this also holds for GPs

Critical evaluation of psychopathy measurement (PCL-R and SRP-III/SF) and recommendations for future research

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to review, summarize, and critically engage with the most recent findings into the dimensionality of the PCL-R, SRP-III, and SRP-SF. Another objective was to provide a set of directions for future research. Methods: A search in PubMed, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar was performed. Twenty-one studies examining the dimensionality of the PCL-R and 11 studies assessing the factor structure of the SRP-III and SRP-SF were identified. Results: A critical review of the studies revealed inconsistent findings as to the underlying structure of the PCL-R and SRP-III/SF. Research has been limited by methodological and conceptual weaknesses, which calls into question the applicability of its findings. As such, it is suggested that prior results should be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: Future research should test competing models derived on the basis of previous research and theory, report the results of a differential predictive validity or alternative test, provide all relevant fit indices, utilize new data sets of appropriate size, avoid parceling procedures with short scales, and report the results of composite reliability. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd

Ki-67: level of evidence and methodological considerations for its role in the clinical management of breast cancer: analytical and critical review

Clinicians can use biomarkers to guide therapeutic decisions in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. One such biomarker is cellular proliferation as evaluated by Ki-67. This biomarker has been extensively studied and is easily assayed by histopathologists but it is not currently accepted as a standard. This review focuses on its prognostic and predictive value, and on methodological considerations for its measurement and the cut-points used for treatment decision. Data describing study design, patients’ characteristics, methods used and results were extracted from papers published between January 1990 and July 2010. In addition, the studies were assessed using the REMARK tool. Ki-67 is an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (HR 1.05–1.72) in multivariate analyses studies using samples from randomized clinical trials with secondary central analysis of the biomarker. The level of evidence (LOE) was judged to be I-B with the recently revised definition of Simon. However, standardization of the techniques and scoring methods are needed for the integration of this biomarker in everyday practice. Ki-67 was not found to be predictive for long-term follow-up after chemotherapy. Nevertheless, high KI-67 was found to be associated with immediate pathological complete response in the neoadjuvant setting, with an LOE of II-B. The REMARK score improved over time (with a range of 6–13/20 vs. 10–18/20, before and after 2005, respectively). KI-67 could be considered as a prognostic biomarker for therapeutic decision. It is assessed with a simple assay that could be standardized. However, international guidelines are needed for routine clinical use

Efficacy of Trastuzumab in Routine Clinical Practice and After Progression for Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients: The Observational Hermine Study

Results of the Hermine study examining the use of trastuzumab for metastatic breast cancer patients in routine practice, including patients who received trastuzumab treatment beyond progression, are reported. The cardiac safety of trastuzumab in this setting is also reported

Impact of organised programs on colorectal cancer screening

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Purpose</p> <p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been shown to decrease CRC mortality. Organised mass screening programs are being implemented in France. Its perception in the general population and by general practitioners is not well known.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two nationwide observational telephone surveys were conducted in early 2005. First among a representative sample of subjects living in France and aged between 50 and 74 years that covered both geographical departments with and without implemented screening services. Second among General Practionners (Gps). Descriptive and multiple logistic regression was carried out.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty-five percent of the persons(N = 1509) reported having undergone at least one CRC screening, 18% of the 600 interviewed GPs reported recommending a screening test for CRC systematically to their patients aged 50–74 years. The odds ratio (OR) of having undergone a screening test using FOBT was 3.91 (95% CI: 2.49–6.16) for those living in organised departments (referent group living in departments without organised screening), almost twice as high as impact educational level (OR = 2.03; 95% CI: 1.19–3.47).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>CRC screening is improved in geographical departments where it is organised by health authorities. In France, an organised screening programs decrease inequalities for CRC screening.</p

Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

Search for supersymmetry in events with b-quark jets and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at 7 TeV

Results are presented from a search for physics beyond the standard model based on events with large missing transverse energy, at least three jets, and at least one, two, or three b-quark jets. The study is performed using a sample of proton-proton collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2011. The integrated luminosity of the sample is 4.98 inverse femtobarns. The observed number of events is found to be consistent with the standard model expectation, which is evaluated using control samples in the data. The results are used to constrain cross sections for the production of supersymmetric particles decaying to b-quark-enriched final states in the context of simplified model spectra.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review

Performance and Operation of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The operation and general performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter using cosmic-ray muons are described. These muons were recorded after the closure of the CMS detector in late 2008. The calorimeter is made of lead tungstate crystals and the overall status of the 75848 channels corresponding to the barrel and endcap detectors is reported. The stability of crucial operational parameters, such as high voltage, temperature and electronic noise, is summarised and the performance of the light monitoring system is presented