Essere se stessi e un altro in una lingua straniera: Giorgio de Chirico e Alberto Savinio, l'esperienza linguistica e identitaria tra Francia e Italia

All’inizio del XX secolo sono molti gli artisti e scrittori italiani che hanno vissuto e scritto tra Francia e Italia. L’interferenza e l’interazione tra queste due culture e letterature hanno, infatti, una lunga storia e si ripropongono in epoche diverse quale elemento ricorrente. L’intera storia letteraria italiana, da Marco Polo o Brunetto Latini ai contemporanei, è un susseguirsi di scrittori che, per ragioni differenti, si sono dovuti confrontare con la lingua francese in quanto espressione artistica della loro opera. Il presente lavoro intende analizzare in particolare l’esperienza e l’opera tra le due lingue dei fratelli de Chirico, per scoprire in che modo il rapporto con la lingua e la cultura francese ha influenzato e determinato la loro opera letteraria. Nel procedere all’analisi di un fenomeno che, nelle sue varie forme, ha caratterizzato la generazione nata a cavallo tra Ottocento e Novecento, richiameremo, inoltre, il contemporaneo esempio di D’Annunzio, Marinetti, Soffici, Papini ed Ungaretti, ma anche il precedente caso esemplare di Foscolo. A giustificare la scelta degli autori presi in esame è la scrittura stessa dei fratelli de Chirico che si rivela un ampio campo di indagine delle problematiche intertestuali del bilinguismo, di cui fa testo la notevole produzione poetica e letteraria. Di formazione e di cultura europea, l’opera dei due autori, paradigmatica del conflitto inerente all’essere tra due lingue, si rivela inoltre un nodo cruciale di investigazione delle problematiche identitarie che costituiscono il leit-motiv della cultura europea del ’900. Vissuta come ricerca identitaria dell’artista, déraciné perché nato all’estero, o dépaysé nella sua stessa nazione, l’esperienza del bilinguismo diviene difatti desiderio di rifondazione dell’Io intellettuale in un contesto culturale che trascende l’esperienza biografica per proiettarsi in una dimensione sovra storica e sovra intellettuale. Non è certo un caso che la vicenda della scrittura bilingue dei fratelli de Chirico istituisca una complessa trama di relazioni, testimoniata dall’intensa attività di scambio letterario e epistolare, con l’avventura tra due lingue di autori italiani come Ardengo Soffici e Giovanni Papini, che tentano con la fondazione della rivista «La Vraie Italie», scritta in francese ma pubblicata in Italia, di risolvere la difficile situazione identitaria della cultura italiana del primo Novecento. Nata nell’immediato dopoguerra (1918-1919), nonostante la breve vita e lo scacco dell’insuccesso, questa rivista occupa un ruolo di primo piano per comprendere la complessità dei rapporti tra Italia e Francia a livello politico e soprattutto ideologico-letterario da parte degli autori coinvolti nel progetto. È nella complessità di questa interrelazione, dove l’opera dei diversi autori non esprime solo istanze espressivo formali, ma si carica di valenze esistenziali che questa ricerca sceglie un doppio registro di lettura ed interpretazione della problematica del bilinguismo secondo un approccio non solo testuale ma anche ermeneutico interpretativo. Se si analizza la fase iniziale dell’opera poetica di de Chirico, che comprende il primo periodo parigino e il successivo periodo ferrarese, emerge con chiarezza quanto la scrittura poetica sia decisamente connessa all’opera pittorica da una fitta trama di relazioni che pare trovare la sua giustificazione nella preoccupazione dell’artista di mettere a punto, sia con la parola sia con il segno, la poetica metafisica. Parrebbe dunque che de Chirico voglia restituire fin dall’inizio in immagine pittorica e poetica quel paesaggio di “vita silente” che teorizzerà nel corso degli anni ’20 e che qui nel periodo iniziale trova modo di emergere, soprattutto per la scrittura poetica, nell’alternanza della lingua italiana e della lingua francese. Va inoltre rilevato il meccanismo della ripetizione quasi ossessiva di alcune parole chiave (come per esempio le città, le piazze, le statue, il treno e le finestre) che diventerà un carattere costante della sua scrittura. Attraverso l’analisi delle poesie francesi ed italiane che costituiscono il nucleo centrale di Hebdomeros abbiamo osservato un altro aspetto della sua scrittura bilingue. Le poesie sono, infatti, la fonte inesauribile cui attinge de Chirico per la sua scrittura in prosa, così che, riprese e rielaborate, esse costituiscono il nucleo originario del romanzo. Inoltre, l’analisi comparata delle poesie e di Hebdomeros ci ha permesso di osservare il lavoro di autotraduzione compiuto da de Chirico sul proprio romanzo. Nel passaggio da Hebdomeros a Ebdòmero l’autore apporta variazioni linguistiche o stilistiche determinate principalmente dalle caratteristiche sintattiche e grammaticali di ogni lingua. Da una parte, de Chirico procede ad una traduzione letterale e, dall’altra, ad una rielaborazione del testo originario, spesso un inedito o una bozza. La scrittura bilingue e in particolare il fenomeno dell’autotraduzione avvalora, come afferma Vegliante nella sua analisi di Giuseppe Ungaretti, anch’egli poeta bilingue, quello scandalo «de la traductibilité» che «réside justement dans cette curieuse asymptote vers un impossibile «même», néanmoins visible, donné à contempler par l’écriture». In quali modalità de Chirico superi questo scandalo linguistico è testimoniato dalla sua stessa scrittura che si trova costantemente in una dimensione di entrelangue. Se si analizza la fase iniziale dell’opera letteraria di Savinio che comprende il primo periodo parigino (Le drame et la musique e Les Chants de la mi mort) e Hermaphrodito, emerge una preferenza per la parola quale strumento della sperimentazione. In effetti, sia il francese che l’italiano sembrano essere ancora degli strumenti grezzi, da modellare. I primi scritti francesi ed italiani rivelano già i caratteri fondamentali della sua scrittura bilingue. La nostra analisi segue le tracce del progetto incompiuto della Vita di Mercurio, ossessione che vorrebbe concretizzarsi in un progetto di scrittura che non verrà mai portato a termine, nonostante vari tentativi: racconti, in francese e in italiano, e prove di sceneggiatura per il cinema. Proprio seguendo le numerose tracce del dio abbiamo cercato di ripercorrere le variazioni stilistiche e tematiche intorno ad uno stesso soggetto, osservando in che modo avviene l’alternanza tra le lingue. Infine, per cercare di consegnare un quadro completo dell’esperienza bilingue, abbiamo analizzato il lavoro di autotraduzione compiuto da Savinio su alcuni racconti di periodi differenti: Le nuove metamorfosi di Ovidio / Les vraies métamorphoses d’Ovide e Dei di lassù/Dieux de là-haut. Il loro studio ci ha permesso di osservare, da un ulteriore punto di vista, l’evoluzione della dimensione bilingue dell’autore e, contemporaneamente, della sua costante presenza all’interno dell’intera produzione letteraria. Altrettanto importante la collaborazione dei fratelli de Chirico alla rivista di Papini, «La Vraie Italie», che ci ha permesso di osservare non solo un ulteriore aspetto della loro scrittura bilingue, ma anche l’evoluzione del loro rapporto con l’Italia e la Francia che si lega al problema identitario. Il loro continuo rapporto con la Francia, che si manifesta attraverso l’alternanza della scrittura in italiano ed in francese, è un chiaro segno, infatti, di una identità radicata innanzitutto nella complessità culturale della loro formazione atipica. Superato il problema dell’“io biografico” le loro opere tentano di rifondare un “io universale” che necessita, per e-sprimersi, di una pluralità di linguaggi: da quello pittorico a quello lirico e letterario. BEING ONESELF AND SOMEONE ELSE IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE. GIORGIO DE CHIRICO AND ALBERTO SAVINIO, THE EXPERIENCE OF LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY BETWEEN FRANCE AND ITALY. Many were the italian artists and writers who, at the beginning of the 20th century, lived and wrote in both France and Italy. In fact, the crossover and interaction between these two cultures and literatures have a long history and they re-appear across the years as a recurring theme. The entire history of Italian literature, from Marco Polo or Brunetto Latini to modern day writers, shows author after author who, for differing reasons, felt the need to turn to the French language for the artistic expression of their works. My work herein aims in particular to analyse the experience and the work between the two languages of the de Chirico brothers, in order to discover the way in which their relationship with the French language and culture influenced and determined their literary works. In carrying out the analysis of this phenomenon which, in its’ many forms, characterised the generation born in the crossover between the 1800’s and 1900’s, we will also refer to the contemporary examples of D’Annunzio, Marinetti, Soffici, Papini and Ungaretti as well as the earlier example of Foscolo. The justification of my choice of authors to be studied are the actual works of the de Chirico brothers which have revealed themselves to be a vast field of research for the intertextual problems of the bilingual phenomenon; this is confirmed by the considerable volume of their poetic and literary works. European in it’s style and culture, the work of the two authors, which are a paradigm of the inherent conflict of being between two languages, also reveals itself to be a crucial point of investigation of the identity problems that constitute the leit-motiv of european culture in the 1900’s. Considered as an identity search by the déraciné (stateless) artist because he was born abroad, or dépaysé (displaced) in his own Country, the bilingual experience becomes the desire to recreate the intellectual ‘I’ (me) in a cultural context that transcends the biographical experience in order to project itself in a super-historical and super-intellectual dimension. It is certainly not by chance that the bilingual writings of the de Chirico brothers establish a complex web of relationships that are confirmed by the intense literary and epistolary exchanges with the dual-language adventures of italian authors such as Ardengo Soffici and Giovanni Papini that attempt, with the foundation of the magazine «La Vraie Italie» which was written in French and published in Italy, to resolve the difficult situation of the identity of italian culture in the early 1900’s. Created immediately after the 1918-1919 war and despite its’ short life and the blow of not being successful, this magazine served a very important purpose in outlining the complexities of the political and, above all, ideological and literary relationship between Italy and France for the authors involved in the project. It’s within the complexities of this relationship that the works of the different authors express not only instances of formal expression but also the loading of the works with existential values such that this research chooses a double register of literature and interpretation of the problems of being bilingual through not only a textual approach but also through hermeneutic interpretation. If we analyse the initial phase of de Chirico’s poetic works that encompass his early parisian period and the following Ferrara period, we can clearly see just how much his poetic writing is, without doubt, connected to the painted work of a tight web of relationships which seem to find their justification in the concern by the artist of highlighting, both with words and with signs, metaphysical poetry. It would seem, therefore, that, right from the start, de Chirico would like to give back, in pictorial and poetic images, that landscape of “silent life” that he would go on to theorise during the 1920’s; here, in his initial period, he finds a way to emerge, above all in his poetic writing, with the alternating of the italian and french languages. We should also note the almost obsessive mechanism of repetition of certain key words (for example the cities, the piazzas, the statues, the trains and the windows) which will become a constant characteristic of his writing. Through analysis of his french and italian poetry which constitute the central nucleus of Hebdomeros, we have observed another aspect of his bilingual writing. These poems are, in fact, the endless source from which de Chirico draws for his writings in prose, so much so that, re-written and re-worked, they constitute the original nucleus of the novel. Furthermore, the compared analysis of the poems and of Hebdomeros has allowed us to see the work of de Chirico’s own translation of his own novel. In the transition from Hebdomeros to Ebdòmero, the author introduces linguistic or stylistic variations that are determined principally from the characteristics of syntax and grammar of every language. On the one hand, de Chirico proceeds with a literal translation and, on the other hand, there is a re-elaboration of the original text which is often unpublished or in draft form only. In accordance with Vegliante in his analysis of Giuseppe Ungaretti, bilingual writing and, in particular, the phenomenon of self-translation gives credence to the scandal of «de la traductibilité» which «réside justement dans cette curieuse asymptote vers un impossibile «même», néanmoins visible, donné à contempler par l’écriture». The way in which de Chirico gets around this linguistic scandal is proven by his own writing which constantly finds itself in an entrelangue dimension. If we analyse the initial phase of Savinio’s literary works which include the early parisien period (Le drame et la musique e Les Chants de la mi mort) and Hermaphrodito, we encounter the appearance of a preference for words at the instrument of experimentation. In effect, both the French and the Italian still seem to be raw materials that need to be sculpted. The early French and Italian works already reveal the fundamental characteristics of his bilingual writing. Our analysis follows the traces of the incomplete project of the Vita di Mercurio (Life of Mercury), an obsession which would have liked to have become a written reality but which would never be completed despite numerous attempts: stories in French and Italian and screenplay pilots for cinema. Precisely by following the many traces of the god, we have tried to review the stylistic and thematic variations around a single subject, observing the way in which he alternates between the languages. In the end, in order to try and produce a complete picture of the bilingual experience, we have analysed the work of self-translation done by Savinio on some of his stories from different periods: Le nuove metamorfosi di Ovidio / Les vraies métamorphoses d’Ovide e Dei di lassù/Dieux de là-haut. Our study of these works has allowed us to observe, from yet another point of view, the evolution of the bilingual dimension of the author and, at the same time, his constant presence within an entire literary production. Equally as important is the collaboration of the de Chirico bothers with Papini’s magazine «La Vraie Italie», which has allowed us to observe not only another aspect of their bilingual writing but also the evolution of their relationship with Italy and with France which is tied to the problem of identity. Their constant relationship with France which manifests itself through the alternation of writing in Italian and French is, in fact, a clear sign of an identity which has its’ roots above all in the cultural complexity of their atypical education. Once the problem of “I, biographer” has been overcome, their works try to re-establish an “I, universal” which, in order to express itself, requires a plurality of languages: from the pictorial to the lyrical and literary.Dans l’histoire littéraire italienne tout entière se succèdent des écrivains qui pour différentes rai-sons, ont dû se confronter à la langue française dans leur oeuvre. Pour la génération née entre le XIXème et le XXème siècle, le bilinguisme est un des outils de la recherche identitaire de l’artiste déraciné, quête du Je littéraire et du Je national. Au sein de cette génération, l’écriture des frères de Chirico se révèle un champ d’investigation particulièrement riche des problématiques qui se nouent entre la France et l’Italie. Les enjeux du choix d’une langue pour un texte donné mais éga-lement de l’autotraduction – pour republication dans une autre langue mais également comme composante du processus d’élaboration d’un texte – seront abordés en détail notamment à travers l’étude des poèmes noyau d’Hebdomeros de de Chirico et de la Vita di Mercurio de Savinio. L’analyse de leur collaboration à «La Vraie Italie», nous a permis d’observer à la fois un aspect ultérieur de leur écriture bilingue et l’enjeu identitaire qui se lie au rapport entre France et Italie. Leur rapport constant avec la France, qui se manifeste à travers l’alternance de l’écriture en italien et en français est d’ailleurs le signe évident d’une identité enracinée avant tout dans la complexité culturelle de leur formation atypique. Une fois dépassé le problème du « Je biographique », leur oeuvre essaye de refonder un « Je universel » qui nécessite pour s’exprimer une pluralité de langa-ges.The entire history of Italian literature shows author after author who, for differing reasons, felt the need to turn to the French language for the artistic expression of their works. My work herein aims in particular to analyse the experience and the work between the two languages of the de Chirico brothers, in order to discover the way in which their relationship with the French language and culture influenced and determined their literary works. The justification of my choice of au-thors to be studied are the actual works of the de Chirico brothers which have revealed them-selves to be a vast field of research for the intertextual problems of the bilingual phenomenon; this is confirmed by the considerable volume of their poetic and literary works (especially to create Hebdomeros – de Chirico – and Vita di Mercurio – Savinio - ). Equally as important is the col-laboration of the de Chirico bothers with Papini’s magazine «La Vraie Italie», which has allowed us to observe not only another aspect of their bilingual writing but also the evolution of their rela-tionship with Italy and with France which is tied to the problem of identity. Their constant rela-tionship with France which manifests itself through the alternation of writing in Italian and French is, in fact, a clear sign of an identity which has its’ roots above all in the cultural complexity of their atypical education. Once the problem of “I, biographer” has been overcome, their works try to re-establish an “I, universal” which, in order to express itself, requires a plurality of languages

Report from Working Group 3: Beyond the standard model physics at the HL-LHC and HE-LHC

This is the third out of five chapters of the final report [1] of the Workshop on Physics at HL-LHC, and perspectives on HE-LHC [2]. It is devoted to the study of the potential, in the search for Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics, of the High Luminosity (HL) phase of the LHC, defined as $3$ ab$^{-1}$ of data taken at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, and of a possible future upgrade, the High Energy (HE) LHC, defined as $15$ ab$^{-1}$ of data at a centre-of-mass energy of 27 TeV. We consider a large variety of new physics models, both in a simplified model fashion and in a more model-dependent one. A long list of contributions from the theory and experimental (ATLAS, CMS, LHCb) communities have been collected and merged together to give a complete, wide, and consistent view of future prospects for BSM physics at the considered colliders. On top of the usual standard candles, such as supersymmetric simplified models and resonances, considered for the evaluation of future collider potentials, this report contains results on dark matter and dark sectors, long lived particles, leptoquarks, sterile neutrinos, axion-like particles, heavy scalars, vector-like quarks, and more. Particular attention is placed, especially in the study of the HL-LHC prospects, to the detector upgrades, the assessment of the future systematic uncertainties, and new experimental techniques. The general conclusion is that the HL-LHC, on top of allowing to extend the present LHC mass and coupling reach by $20-50\%$ on most new physics scenarios, will also be able to constrain, and potentially discover, new physics that is presently unconstrained. Moreover, compared to the HL-LHC, the reach in most observables will, generally more than double at the HE-LHC, which may represent a good candidate future facility for a final test of TeV-scale new physics

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research