Obtaining Approximation using Map Reduce by Comparing Inter-Tables

Size of the data increasing day by day because of digital world at unpredictable rate. Basically size of raw data is increasing so deal with such rough data is the challenging task and we need to acquire knowledge from such a colossal data. Number of techniques are used to retrieve knowledge from raw data like genetic algorithm, fuzzy sets and rough set. Rough set is very popular method and basically depends upon approximation i.e. lower approximation, upper approximation, boundary region. Hence, the effective computation of approximation is important pace in improving the performance of rough set. There are number of ways to calculate this approximation. In our system we have calculated rough approximation independent of each other. This can be achieved by dividing input dataset, so that we can also reduce number of comparison. The division of dataset based on decision attribute in the dataset. In our paper, we have explained a new method for computing rough set approximation. Using map-reduce we can deal with massive data and able to compute rough approximation for massive dataset

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIER CONTAINING TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE

Objective: The aim of present study was to prepare nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) based Triamcinolone acetonide (TA). Methods: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) consisted of solid lipid and liquid lipid are a new type of lipid nanoparticles, prepared by using solvent diffusion and high pressure homogenization methods, which offer the advantage of improved drug loading capacity and release properties. Glyceryl monostearate selected as the solid lipid, capmul MCM C8 as the liquid lipid, polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as the surfactant. NLCs dispersion was characterized by particle size analysis, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, and an in vitro release study. Results: Optimized NLCs loaded with TA were exhibited spherical shape with particle size 286.1 nm, polydispersity index 0.317, zeta potential-21.9 mV and entrapment efficiency 86.19% respectively. The result of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that drug was dispersed in NLCs in a crystalline state. In vitro release studies revealed that drug release of optimized batch was 8.34 % and 88.84% at 1h and 8h respectively. The release kinetics of the optimized NLCs best fitted the peppas-korsmeyer model. Furthermore, morphological investigations by SEM showed that optimized batch exhibit a spherical shape and a smooth surface. Conclusion: Thus, the results indicated that successfully prepared TA-loaded NLCs and could potentially be exploited as a carrier with improved drug loading capacity and sustained drug release. The present results demonstrated that these systems could be a promising platform for inflammatory diseases, in particular for psoriasis topical therapy

Origin of cystic artery from hepatic artery proper and its surgical implications

Cystic artery is usually a branch of right hepatic artery given in the Calot’s triangle. Variations in the origin of cystic artery have been reported but there is paucity of literature regarding these in Indian subjects. The present case describes the origin of cystic artery from the hepatic artery proper, with an unusual course, which was detected during routine cadaveric dissection. The development of biliary vasculature is quite complex and it accounts for many variations. Knowledge of cystic artery variability facilitates intraoperative identification of vessels in both classical and laparoscopic surgery of the bile ducts. This emphasises the importance of a thorough knowledge of the cystic arterial variations that often occur and may be encountered during both laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Uncontrolled bleeding from the cystic artery and its branches is a serious problem that may increase the risk of intraoperative lesions to vital vascular and biliary structures during hepatobiliary surgery

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

ENHANCEMENT SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE OF PARACETAMOL AND IBUPROFEN BY COAMORPHOUS PARTICLES USING MICROWAVE TECHNIQUE: ENHANCEMENT SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE

Objective: The objective of the present study was to the preparation of a coamorphous (COAM) system of paracetamol (PA) (Biopharmaceutics Classification System [BCS] Class-III) and ibuprofen (IB) (BCS Class-II) for enhancement of solubility and dissolution of IB. Methods: The COAM system was prepared by chemical electric magnetic field microwave-assisted method. Several batches with different concentrations of COAM PA and IB were prepared at constant temperature, pressure, and holding time. Solubility studies were carried out in different pH condition and the batch, which show the highest increase in solubility 98.00%. COAM samples were characterized by solubility, dissolution, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. Results: FTIR results showed evidence of molecular interactions between both the drugs. Maximum increase in aqueous solubility of IB was seen 500:200 mg dose ratio (COAM) batch E in phosphate buffer 7.4. The COAM system increased solubility of IB about 98.70%. The solubility and dissolution rate of IB were also enhanced. In vitro drug release study, 100% of the drug was released within 120 min. Thus, saturation solubility and dissolution rate of IB were found significant improved unlike PA. XRD and DSC results confirmed amorphization of IB. FTIR results evidenced hydrogen bonding interactions between both the drugs. In accelerated stability studies, powder XRD and DSC results demonstrated insignificant changes, thus confirming successful stabilization of IB by PA. Conclusion: Hence, it concluded that the study of COAM of PA and IB successfully prepared by microwave-assisted method to enhance solubility, dissolution, stability, and bioavailability

Ocular myasthenia gravis: A review

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease that affects the neuro-muscular junction resulting in classical symptoms of variable muscle weakness and fatigability. It is called the great masquerader owing to its varied clinical presentations. Very often, a patient of MG may present to the ophthalmologist given that a large proportion of patients with systemic myasthenia have ocular involvement either at presentation or during the later course of the disease. The treatment of ocular MG involves both the neurologist and ophthalmologist. Thus, the aim of this review was to highlight the current diagnosis, investigations, and treatment of ocular MG