Factores de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes gestacional en embarazadas mayores de 20 semanas inscritas en control prenatal en la unidad comunitaria de salud familiar del cantón Tecomatal, San Miguel y Sensembra, Morazán en el periodo de Junio a Agosto de 2014

Una de las principales atenciones brindadas por el primer nivel de salud de nuestro país, son las referentes a mujeres gestantes donde predominan los controles prenatales. Es de interés investigar los factores de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes gestacional en embarazadas mayores de 20 semanas inscritas en control prenatal en la unidad comunitaria de salud familiar del Cantón Tecomatal de San Miguel y Sensembra Morazán en el periodo de Junio - Agosto del 2014, el objetivo general de este estudio fue Investigar los factores de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes gestacional en mujeres que consultan en esta área, determinar y jerarquizar cuales fueron los factores de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes gestacional que estaban presentes en la población de estudio, calcular el índice de masa corporal de todas las gestantes en estudio y realizar test de O ‘Sullivan a todas las mujeres que presentaron glicemia en ayuna igual o mayor a 105 mg/dl y en aquellos que presentaron factores de riesgo. A nivel mundial una de las patologías más temidas es la diabetes gestacional, por su difícil manejo, complicaciones materno fetales y los altos costos públicos que se tienen en casos críticos por mal manejo, los factores de riesgo para desarrollar esta patología presentan mayor incidencia en los países en vía de desarrollo, pero que su oportuna detección ayuda a la prevención, un manejo integral de la paciente y disminución de las complicaciones. Fue una investigación descriptiva, transversal, prospectiva y documental. Los resultados son un exhaustivo tamizaje para diabetes gestacional en las usuarias en control prenatal detectando todos los factores de riesgo que presenten. Con los resultados de esta investigación se concluyó que las pacientes en estudio un 56.5% presentaron factores de riesgo predisponentes para Diabetes Gestacional y se jerarquizo en orden de frecuencia, además la falta de realización del test de O’Sullivan limita un diagnóstico temprano

Tendência da incidência de câncer colorretal na Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso (Brasil), de 2000 a 2016

Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC), according to sex and age, in Greater Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2000 to 2016. Methods: Ecological time series study, with cases of CRC (C18 to C21) diagnosed from 2000 to 2016, of residents of Greater Cuiabá (Cuiabá and Várzea Grande), in Mato Grosso. Information on the cases was obtained from the Population-Based Cancer Registry and population data from IBGE. Rates were adjusted by world population. The age groups from 30 to 39 years old, 40 to 49 years old, 50 to 59 years old, 60 to 69 years old, 70 to 79 years old and 80 years old or more were considered. To analyze the trend of incidence, the Joinpoint regression was used. Results: A total of 1,715 cases of CCR were registered with information on sex and age, with an adjusted rate of 16.4 new cases/100,000 men and 16.1 new cases/100,000 women. Men presented trend of increasing incidence rates in the age group of 70 to 79 years, with increase of 4.0% per year, while women presented trend of increase in the age group 50 to 59 years, with increase of 2.7% per year. Conclusion: Older men showed more significant trend towards an increase in the incidence of CRC, but in women this occurred in a younger age group, highlighting the importance of considering information about age in the analyzes of the occurrence of the disease in this population.Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal da incidência do câncer colorretal (CCR), segundo sexo e faixa etária, na Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso (Brasil), de 2000 a 2016. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais, com casos de CCR (C18 a C21) diagnosticados de 2000 a 2016, de residentes da Grande Cuiabá (Cuiabá e Várzea Grande), em Mato Grosso. As informações dos casos foram provenientes do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional e os dados populacionais do IBGE. As taxas foram ajustadas pela população mundial. Considerou-se as faixas etárias de 30 a 39 anos, 40 a 49 anos, 50 a 59 anos, 60 a 69 anos, 70 a 79 anos e 80 anos ou mais. Para análise da tendência temporal da incidência, empregou-se a regressão por Joinpoint. Resultados: Foram registrados 1.715 casos de CCR com informação de sexo e idade, com taxa ajustada de 16,4 casos novos/100.000 homens e 16,1 casos novos/100.000 mulheres. Os homens apresentaram tendência temporal de aumento das taxas de incidência na faixa etária de 70 a 79 anos, com acréscimo de 4,0% ao ano, e as mulheres apresentaram tendência temporal de aumento na faixa etária de 50 a 59 anos, com acréscimo de 2,7% ao ano. Conclusão: Os homens mais velhos apresentaram tendência temporal de aumento da incidência de CCR de forma mais expressiva, porém nas mulheres isso ocorreu em faixa etária mais jovem, ressaltando a importância de considerar a informação sobre a idade nas análises sobre a ocorrência da doença nessa população

Tendência da mortalidade por câncer colorretal em Mato Grosso, Brasil, de 2000 a 2019

Objective: To analyze the time series of colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality, according to sex and age group, in Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2000 to 2019. Methods: Ecological time series study, with standardized mortality rates by CRC (C18 to C21), of residents in Mato Grosso. Information on deaths was provided by the Mato Grosso State Department of Health, and comprise the Mortality Information System, and demographic information obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. For the analysis of the temporal trend, the joinpoint regression analysis was used. Results: A total of 2,406 deaths from CRC were identified in Mato Grosso in the period 2000 to 2019. The highest rates were found among the age groups from 60 to 79 years. For men, there was an increasing trend in mortality rates due to CRC for almost all age groups, with the exception of those aged 40 to 49 years and those aged 80 years or more. For women, there was a significant increase in the age groups from 50 to 59 years and 80 years or more. Conclusion: The results of the study showed an increase in mortality rates from CRC in the state of Mato Grosso, from 2000 to 2019, in certain age groups of both sexes, but especially for men. Knowledge about the evolution of mortality can provide data on the epidemiological situation of cancer at the local level and, thus, contribute to the development of actions to control and prevent this disease.Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade por câncer colorretal (CCR) segundo sexo e faixa etária, em Mato Grosso, Brasil, de 2000 a 2019. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de série temporal das taxas ajustadas de mortalidade pelo CCR (C18 a C21), de residentes de Mato Grosso. As informações sobre os óbitos foram fornecidas pela Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, e compõem o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, e as informações demográficas obtidas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Para análise da tendência temporal foi empregada a análise de regressão por joinpoint. Resultados: Foram identificados 2.406 óbitos por CCR em Mato Grosso no período de 2000 a 2019. As maiores taxas foram encontradas entre as faixas etárias de 60 a 79 anos. Para os homens, evidenciou-se tendência crescente das taxas de mortalidade por CCR para quase todas as faixas etárias, com exceção da de 40 a 49 anos e a de 80 anos ou mais. Para as mulheres houve aumento significativo nas faixas etárias de 50 a 59 anos e de 80 anos ou mais. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo mostraram aumento das taxas de mortalidade por CCR no estado do Mato Grosso, no período de 2000 a 2019, em determinadas faixas etárias de ambos os sexos, mas sobretudo para os homens. O conhecimento sobre a evolução da mortalidade pode oferecer dados da situação epidemiológica do câncer em nível local e, assim, contribuir na elaboração de ações de controle e prevenção deste agravo

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

From sea monsters to charismatic megafauna: changes in perception and use of large marine animals

Marine megafauna has always elicited contrasting feelings. In the past, large marine animals were often depicted as fantastic mythological creatures and dangerous monsters, while also arousing human curiosity. Marine megafauna has been a valuable resource to exploit, leading to the collapse of populations and local extinctions. In addition, some species have been perceived as competitors of fishers for marine resources and were often actively culled. Since the 1970s, there has been a change in the perception and use of megafauna. The growth of marine tourism, increasingly oriented towards the observation of wildlife, has driven a shift from extractive to non-extractive use, supporting the conservation of at least some species of marine megafauna. In this paper, we review and compare the changes in the perception and use of three megafaunal groups, cetaceans, elasmobranchs and groupers, with a special focus on European cultures. We highlight the main drivers and the timing of these changes, compare different taxonomic groups and species, and highlight the implications for management and conservation. One of the main drivers of the shift in perception, shared by all the three groups of megafauna, has been a general increase in curiosity towards wildlife, stimulated inter alia by documentaries (from the early 1970s onwards), and also promoted by easy access to scuba diving. At the same time, environmental campaigns have been developed to raise public awareness regarding marine wildlife, especially cetaceans, a process greatly facilitated by the rise of Internet and the World Wide Web. Currently, all the three groups (cetaceans, elasmobranchs and groupers) may represent valuable resources for ecotourism. Strikingly, the economic value of live specimens may exceed their value for human consumption. A further change in perception involving all the three groups is related to a growing understanding and appreciation of their key ecological role. The shift from extractive to non-extractive use has the potential for promoting species conservation and local economic growth. However, the change in use may not benefit the original stakeholders (e.g. fishers or whalers) and there may therefore be a case for providing compensation for disadvantaged stakeholders. Moreover, it is increasingly clear that even non-extractive use may have a negative impact on marine megafauna, therefore regulations are needed.SFRH/BPD/102494/2014, UID/MAR/04292/2019, IS1403info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals &lt;1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data