The influence of cycocel on the responses of wheat plants to water limitations

Considerable research has been concentrated on the foliage application of Cycoce, whereas little attention has focused on its use in seed application. Imbibition of caryopses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (Cycocel/CCC) resulted in a reduction in germination rate and a stunting of seedling growth. This was consistent with the appearance of a thicker stem, with shorter leaves than the control. Chlorophyll content per unit weight of leaf and numbers of tillers initiated both increased in comparison to controls. However, Cycocel treatment was accompanied by an enhanced survival capacity of seedlings when they were subjected to water limitation under growth room conditions. Seedlings grown from caryopses imbibed in 0.4 % Cycocel and exposed to a 7-day cycle of watering remained green and turgid beyond the time when the controls had wilted and died. Seedlings, at the fourth leaf stage, showed no wilting 23 days after watering had been withheld totally. Enhanced survival was also noted in seedlings when caryopses had been imbibed in Cycocel for 24 hours followed by a period of dry storage for up to 2 weeks prior to sowing. Enhanced survival was also detected as a carryover into the tillers, and the subsequent GEN2 seedlings, derived from GEN1plants. Cycocel pre-treatment did not alter Stomatal Index to an extent which could lead to enhanced water use efficiency, nor to the accumulation of proline to bring compatible solutes into equilibrium. However, the pre-treatment with Cycocel was found to enhance growth as a counter to water stress, and maintained fresh and dry weight of shoots when examined under the polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced stress. At the anatomical level the microscopic investigation of the GEN2 leaf tissues, derived from GENl plant, revealed a fully turgid cell structure, cells did not collapse and tissues were not distorted after the extraction of chlorophyll when compared with the control of the continuous watering as well as the moderate watering regime. Additionally, the cortex of GENl plants derived from pre-treated caryopses, showed a bright fluorescing unidentified deposition under Nutrient Solution (NS). This was more much greater when sampled from the NS + PEG treatments. From the results achieved Cycocel pre-treatment of caryopses appeared to have potential in manipulating wheat plants against water limitation. However, the mechanism (s) by which this can be achieved was not fully resolved in this study. Further investigations are required at the biochemistry and molecular level, particularly in relation to potential carryover effects between generations

SANKSI JARIMAH KHAMAR MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG (StudiKomperatifAntaraKanunJinayahSyari’ah Negeri Kelantan DarulNaimdanQanunProvinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam)

Skripsi ini berjudulSanksi Jarimah KhamarMenurut Undang- UndangStudiKomperatif Antara Enakmen Kanun Jinayah Syari’ah Negeri Kelantan Darul Naim dan Qanun Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Islam melarang umatnya melakukan perkara yang mendatangkan mudharatsama ada kepada diri sendiri maupun kepada masyarakat. Salah satu perkara atau perbuatan yang sangat ditegah dan wajib dijauhi oleh setiap muslim ialah mengambil atau memakan atau meminum sesuatu yang mengkhayalkan atau memabukkan seperti minuman keras (khamar). Dalam QanunJinayahSyari’ah seseorang yang didapati terlibat dalam kesalahan meminum khamar atau minuman yang memabukkan, sama ada ia mabuk atau tidak, maka wajib dikenakan hukuman tidak melebihi delapan puluh kali cambuk dan tidak kurang dari empat puluh kali cambuk. Penulisan skripsi ini menganalisa tentang bagaimana ketentuan ancaman hukuman peminum khamar menurut Enakmen Kanun JinayahSyari’ah Negeri Kelantan Darul Naim Nomor 2 Tahun 1985 dan Qanun Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Nomor 12 Tahun 2003, serta bagaimana ketentuan hukum Islam terhadap sanksi yang ditetapkan di kedua wilayah tersebut. Penelitian ini bersifat kepustakaan (library research), dan bentuknya adalah penelitian diskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sanksi peminum khamar yang diatur dalam Enakmen Kanun JinayahSyari’ah Negeri Kelantan Darul Naim Nomor 2 Tahun 1985 berupa denda sebanyak Rm. 5000.00, kurungan selama tiga tahun atau hukuman kumulatif dan dicambuk enam kali, manakala Qanun Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Nomor 12 Tahun 2003 bagi peminum khamar berupa hukuman cambuk sebanyak 40 (empat puluh) kali. Adapun ketentuan di dalam hukum Islam yakni dalam fikih ‘uqubat atau fikihjinayatbahwa hukuman yang diatur dalam Qanun Aceh berupa hukum Hudud yang menepati hukum syarak, manakala hukuman yang diatur dalam Enakmen Kelantan tidak menepati syari’at Islam yaitu hukum had bagi peminum khamar, dan ancaman tersebut berupa hukum ta’zirsaja

Challenges Faced by IIUM Postgraduate Students in Conducting the Qur’an Memorization and Working for Living During Their Study Period

This study looks at the difficulties that IIUM postgraduate students have when memorizing the Qur'an and working at the same time during their studies. The goal of this study is to find out how IIUM postgraduate students balanced Qur'an memorization and working activities during their studies, to identify the difficulties they faced, and to find out how they balanced Qur'an memorization and working activities. A case study was used in this study to create a qualitative design. The data was collected via methodical triangulation, and the data was gathered through verbal interviews. Two postgraduate students from IIUM were chosen to be interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to examine the data. The keywords were determined once the data from the interviews were transcribed. The researchers then identified the theme for further investigation before analyzing the data. The findings revealed that these students value Qur'an memorization but that there is no timetable for memorizing the whole Qur'an due to their busy schedules

رؤية نقدية مقارنة بين نموذج المقررات المفتوحة الواسعة الانتشار عبر الإنترنت Moocs ونموذج التعليم المدمج في الجامعة العربية المفتوحة Comparative cash vision among Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) model and the Blended Learning model in the Arab Open University

تهدف هذه الدراسة للتعرف على أهم جوانب التشابه والاختلاف بين نمط التعليم في المقررات المفتوحة واسعة الانتشار عبر الإنترنت Moocs وبين نمط التعليم المدمج في الجامعة العربية المفتوحة، وقد وظف الباحث المنهج المقارن للوصول إلى النتائج من خلال تطبيق أداة البحث المتمثلة في "بطاقة المقارنة" على عينة الدراسة المتمثلة في أسلوب "التعليم المدمج" المطبق في الجامعة العربية المفتوحة فرع سلطنة عمان أثناء دراسة الباحث الممتدة لثلاثة فصول دراسية خلال تحضيره لدراسة الماجستير في تكنولوجيا التعليم خلال عامي ٢٠١٥ - ٢٠١٦ ؛ وعلى نموذج التعلم الذاتي في مقرر "كيف تصمم مادة تعليمية في المنصات التعليمية المفتوحة هائلة الالتحاق – الدورة الثانية " خلال الفترة الممتدة بين ١ / أكتوبر ٢٠١٦ إلى ٣١ أكتوبر ٢٠١٦ م، وقد توصلت الدراسة بعد اجراء آليات المقارنة بين نمطي التعليم إلى عدة نتائج من أهمها: أن التعليم المدمج هو التطبيق الجزئي للتعلم الإلكتروني، أما Moocs فهو التطبيق الكلي له، وأن المرجعية النظرية متوفرة لكلا النمطين مع الاختلاف في حدود التطبيق، وأن نمط المقررات الواسعة يتمتع بقدر كبير من سهولة آليات التسجيل بعكس نمط التعليم المدمج، وأن نمط المقررات الواسعة يتمتع بمرونة أكبر من حيث اشتراط المؤهلات والخبرات السابقة بعكس نمط التعليم المدمج

Effects of Probiotics Supplementation with Lactobacillus SP. Bacteria on Growth and Survival Rate of Cultured Mullet Fish (Mugil sp.) in Floating Cages

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus on the growth parameters of Mugil sp. fish, their approximate biochemical composition and the environmental conditions of their culture for 12 weeks in floating cages. Six hundreds of fish were randomly distributed in two groups of 100 fish in each floating cages (length of 1 m, width of 1 m, depth of 2 m) with an initial weight of 39.5± 0.2 g. The first group was fed with the control diet and the second group with probiotics diet. The results showed significant differences (P \u3c0.05) between fish fed on probiotics diet and fish fed on control diet in weight gain (WG), relative growth rate (RGR) and food conversion rate (FCR). The weight gain in the probiotics group was 18.3 g, while in the control group was 12.2 g. There was no significant difference (P\u3e 0.05) for the specific growth rate (SGR). The survival rate (SR%) was achieved at 100% in both groups. Also, there was a significant difference for the approximate composition of fish protein, fat and ash between the probiotics group and control group. From these results, it can be concluded that the probiotics group of Mugil sp. was better with 15.7% than the control group regarding to growth. Also, WG, RGR and FCR were better in the probiotics group than control group. The environmental indicators revealed that culture waters exposed to organic pollutants have led to a decline in the ratio of the concentration of dissolved oxygen, affecting the growth of fish negatively

Local Search Based Enhanced Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm of Training Backpropagation Neural Network for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Recently, several evolutionary algorithms have been proposed on the basis of preference in literature. Most of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms used NSGA-II due to a good performance in comparison with other multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. Our research is focused on enhancement of a well-known evolutionary algorithm NSGA-II by combining a local search method for solving Breast cancer classification problem based on Backpropagation neural network. The use of local search within the enhanced NSGA II operating can accelerate the convergence speed towards the non-dominated front and ensures the solutions attained are well spread over it. The proposed hybrid method has been experimentally evaluated by applying to the Breast cancer classification problem. It has been experimentally shown that the combination of the local search method has a positive impact to the final solution and thus increased the classification accuracy of the results

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Child growth failure (CGF), manifested as stunting, wasting, and underweight, is associated with high 5 mortality and increased risks of cognitive, physical, and metabolic impairments. Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the highest levels of CGF globally. Here we illustrate national and subnational variation of under-5 CGF indicators across LMICs, providing 2000–2017 annual estimates mapped at a high spatial resolution and aggregated to policy-relevant administrative units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the World Health 10 Organization’s ambitious Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and rates of progress exist across regions, countries, and within countries; our maps identify areas where high prevalence persists even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where subnational disparities exist and the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning locally 15 tailored interventions and efficient directing of resources to accelerate progress in reducing CGF and its health implications

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely