Comparison of Micro-Leakage from Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorations in Cavities Prepared by Er:YAG (Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) Laser and Conventional Method in Primary Teeth

Introduction: In recent years, significant developments have been taking place in caries removal and cavity preparation using laser in dentistry. As laser use is considered for cavity preparation, it is necessary to determine the quality of restoration margins. Glass ionomer cements have great applications for conservative restoration in the pediatric field.The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare resin-modified glass ionomer restorations micro-leakage in cavities prepared by Er:YAG (Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser irradiation and conventional method in primary teeth.Methods: This was an in vitro experimental study. Forty primary canine teeth were divided into 2 groups: group 1 represented cavities prepared by the no. 008 diamond bur, group 2 represented cavities prepared by Er:YAG laser. After cavity preparation, samples were restored by resin-modified glass ionomer. The teeth were thermocycled for 700 cycles, placed in 2% methylene blue for 24h and sectioned in the buccolingual direction. The degree of dye penetration was scored by 3 examiners. Data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney Test.Results: There was no statistical difference in micro-leakage between the two modes of cavity preparation (P=0.862)Conclusion: Since preparing conservative cavities is very important in pediatric dentistry, it is possible to use Er:YAG laser because of its novel and portable technology. However, further investigations of other restorative materials and other laser powers are required

Evaluar el efecto del tema de la historia en el desarrollo del aprendizaje cognitivo de niños y adolescentes

Children and adolescents are active learners who are influenced by their environment. Many theories are suggested in this regard, but one of these theories is Piaget's theory of cognitive learning development (CLD). This theory was applied in a book titled "why did the river fall silent" by Tamer, which has been translated into several different languages. This study aims to evaluate the effect of storyline theme on CLD of children and adolescents according to the Tamer's stories. This would be considered by academic managers and researchers in the field of children and adolescent training and can be modeled on it. The research findings indicate that, theme of storyline would allow children and adolescents to think about the events and understand the experiences, so these features would possibly transmit to children and adolescents when they are expressed in an intelligent way through fascinating theme; besides, this feature would possibly create emotional tension and present mental challenges, which tend to promote CLD in children and adolescents.Los niños y adolescentes son aprendices activos que se ven influenciados por su entorno. Se sugieren muchas teorías a este respecto, pero una de estas teorías es la teoría de Piaget del desarrollo del aprendizaje cognitivo (CLD). Esta teoría fue aplicada en un libro titulado "¿Por qué el río se quedó en silencio?" De Tamer, que ha sido traducido a varios idiomas diferentes. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto del tema de la historia en la CLD de niños y adolescentes según las historias de Tamer. Esto sería considerado por directores académicos e investigadores en el campo de la formación de niños y adolescentes y puede ser modelado a partir de él. Los hallazgos de la investigación indican que el tema de la trama permitiría a los niños y adolescentes pensar sobre los hechos y comprender las vivencias, por lo que estas características posiblemente se transmitan a los niños y adolescentes cuando se expresan de manera inteligente a través de un tema fascinante; además, esta característica posiblemente genere tensión emocional y presente desafíos mentales, que tienden a promover la CLD en niños y adolescentes

The Effects of Instructional and Motivational Self-talk on Learning a Dart Throwing Skill in Children with Mild Mental Retardation

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on learning a dart throwing skill in children with mild mental retardation. Method: The subjects included 45 children with mild mental retardation who were equally divided into three groups of instructional self-talk, motivational self-talk, and control. The motor task included darts throwing skill in which children’s darts throwing scores as well as self-efficacy were measured as dependent variables. The Participants performed pre-test (including 15 throws), acquisition phase (including five 5-minute practice blocks), and retention test (including 15 throws). The participants in the instructional self-talk group were asked to repeat the “Center-Target” phase before each attempt during the training phase and then throw the dart. Those in the motivational self-talk group were asked to use a motivational phrase “I Can" before the throw. The children in the control group followed a similar protocol but were not given any self-talk instructions. Results: The results showed that mentally retarded children who practiced instructional self-talk had better performance than those who used motivational self-talk and the control group in throwing darts in the retention test (P=0.000). Moreover, the motivational self-talk group performed better than the control group in dart throwing in the retention test (P=0.000). Finally, the results showed that children in the instructional and motivational self-talk groups reported higher self-efficacy scores than those in the control group in the retention test (P=0.000), while no significant difference was observed between the instructional and motivational self-talk groups. (P=0.527) Conclusion: The results of this study show that children with mild mental retardation are able to learn motor skills through self-talk

Spoken and Written Narrative in Persian-Speaking Students Who Received Cochlear Implant and/or Hearing Aid

Objectives To compare narrative skills between fourth and fifth grades of Persian-speaking students with hearing impairments and typical hearing students of the same grade and also to evaluate the effects of group, sex, hearing age, and educational grade of the students on their spoken/written narrative performance. Methods The subjects were 174 students aged 10–13 years, 54 of whom wore cochlear implants, 60 suffered from moderate to severe hearing losses and wore hearing aids, with the remaining 60 students being typical hearing in terms of the sense of hearing. The micro- and macrostructure components of spoken and written narrative were elicited from a pictorial story (The Playful Little Elephant) and then scored by raters. Results Compared to the typical hearing, the students with hearing impairments had significantly lower scores in all of the microstructure components of narratives. However, the findings showed no significant difference among different groups in macrostructure components of narratives. It was also revealed that the students had equal performance in spoken and written narrative. Finally, factor analysis manifested that group, sex, hearing age, and educational level of children might alter the outcome measures in various interactions. Conclusion Although cochlear implantation was more effective than hearing aid on spoken and written narrative skills, the Persian-speaking students with hearing impairments were seen to need additional trainings on microstructure components of spoken/written narrative

The association between anemia and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The association between anemia and postpartum depression (PPD) has been reported to be controversial in different studies. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of anemia and PPD. Methods: This review study was conducted according to the MOOSE protocol and results have been reported according to the PRISMA guideline. We searched epidemiologic studies published until January 2018 in nine English databases including Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EBSCO and Google Scholar using English MeSH keywords. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the Cochran’s Q test and I2 index. Data were analyzed using a random effects model and comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software version 2. Results: In the 10 studies, the association between postpartum anemia and PPD was significant (heterogeneity test: P<0.001, I2=74.62), and RR=1.887 (95CI: 1.255-2.838, P=0.002). In 8 studies, anemia during pregnancy significantly increased the risk of postpartum depression (heterogeneity test: P=0.116, I2=36.422), RR=1.240 (1.001-1.536, P=0.048). The subgroup analysis of postpartum anemia and PPD was not significant for the variables of quality of studies, study design, and the period of evaluating depression and anemia. The subgroup analysis of anemia during pregnancy and PPD was not significant for the period of evaluating depression. Publication bias did not affect the results of the studies. Conclusion: Meta-analysis results showed anemia during pregnancy and after pregnancy that significantly increased the risk of postpartum depression. Therefore, prevention, identification and treatment of anemia in pregnant women seem necessary

The genes expression status of inflammatory determinants following the oral administration of Mannuronic acid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive multifactorial inflammatory disorder. According to numerous evidence, pro-inflammatory markers such as TNF-a, IL-6, IL-22, MYD88 and TLR2 play a substantial role in the pathogenesis and persistence of this disease. B-D-Mannuronic acid (M2000) is a new immunosuppressive drug whose therapeutic effects have been approved in several clinical trials and the results of the phase III clinical trial of this drug in RA patients were potent and efficient. Therefore, the present investigation was designed to evaluate its anti-inflammatory effects on the expression of mentioned factors in RA patients. Material and methods: This research was carried out on 12 healthy individuals and 12 patients with RA and M2000 was administered to the patients orally at a dose of 500 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from the patients before and after treatment with M2000 to investigate the gene expression levels of TNF-a, IL-6, IL-22, MYD88 and TLR2 molecules in them using Real-time PCR. Results: This study data represented a higher gene expression in all target molecules in the RA patients in comparison to the healthy individuals. Furthermore, the outcomes showed that after 12 weeks of therapy with M2000, the gene expression levels of inflammatory factors TNF-a, IL-6, IL-22, MYD88 and TLR2 decreased significantly in treated patients compared to before therapy. The gene expression results were following the clinical and paraclinical assessments. Conclusion: In conclusion, M2000 as a newly approved anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug, can be proposed as a therapeutic agent in RA patients

Perspective Chapter: Next-Generation Vaccines Based on Self-Amplifying RNA

Recently, nucleic acid-based RNA and DNA vaccines have represented a better solution to avoid infectious diseases than “traditional” live and non-live vaccines. Synthetic RNA and DNA molecules allow scalable, rapid, and cell-free production of vaccines in response to an emerging disease such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The development process begins with laboratory transcription of sequences encoding antigens, which are then formulated for delivery. The various potent of RNA over live and inactivated viruses are proven by advances in delivery approaches. These vaccines contain no infectious elements nor the risk of stable integration with the host cell genome compared to conventional vaccines. Conventional mRNA-based vaccines transfer genes of interest (GOI) of attenuated mRNA viruses to individual host cells. Synthetic mRNA in liposomes forms a modern, refined sample, resulting in a safer version of live attenuated RNA viruses. Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a replicating version of mRNA-based vaccines that encode both (GOI) and viral replication machinery. saRNA is required at lower doses than conventional mRNA, which may improve immunization. Here we provide an overview of current mRNA vaccine approaches, summarize highlight challenges and recent successes, and offer perspectives on the future of mRNA vaccines

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries