Työeläkkeiden indeksisuoja TEL:stä TyEL:iin

Raportissa tarkastellaan indekseihin tehtyjä muutoksia ja niiden perusteluja ja kuvataan indeksien perusteita työeläkelakien säätämisestä näihin päiviin. Siinä myös arvioidaan viime vuosien julkisessa keskustelussa esitettyjä muutosehdotuksia työeläketurvan indekseihin ja kuvataan eläkkeiden indeksiturvaa 31 maassa

Merialuesuunnittelun lähtökohtia. Merialueiden nykyinen käyttö, tulevaisuuden näkymät ja merialueita koskeva tietopohja

Raportti on ympäristöministeriön merialuesuunnittelun lähtökohtia selvityksen loppuraportti. Työssä selvitettiin merialueen nykyistä käyttöä, tulevaisuuden tarpeita ja olemassa olevaa tietopohjaa merialuesuunnitelmien laatimista varten. Selvitys perustuu viranomaisten ja asiantuntijoiden haastatteluihin, osallistaviin työpajoihin, internethakuihin sekä aiemmin laadittuihin selvityksiin ja suunnitelmiin. Raportti koostuu kahdesta osasta. Ensimmäisessä osassa kuvataan merialuesuunnittelua ja sen keskeisiä lähtökohtia kuten ekosysteemilähestymistapaa ja sinistä kasvua. Siinä esitellään myös eri toimialojen nykytilanne, kehitysnäkymät, suunnitelmat, lähtötiedot ja tietotarpeet. Yhteenvetona esitetään näiden välillä havaittavia synergioita ja työn aikana järjestetyissä vuorovaikutteisissa työpajoissa esiin nousseita näkökohtia. Raportin toinen osa käsittää tietokoostetaulukon. Siinä esitetään merialueelta olemassa olevat tietosisällöt, tietotyypit, tiedon tuottaja ja tiedon saatavuus. Aineisto on luokiteltu sisällön mukaan teemoittain. Tietokoostetaulukkoa on tarkoitus hyödyntää merialuesuunnitelmien laadinnassa tarvittavan karttakäyttöliittymän ohjelmistoarkkitehtuurin tietopohjana tai rajapintapalvelun

Face Recognition Using Morphological Analysis of Images

Face recognition from still and motion image has been an active and emerging research area in the field of image processing, pattern recognition and so on in the recent years . The challenges associated with discriminant face recognition can be attributed to the following factors such as pose, facial expression, occlusion, image orientation, image condition, presence or absence of structural component and many more. In this paper, we have tried to emphasize on the morphological analysis of images based on the behavior of the intensity value. Firstly images with various situations of a person are selected as training images. Based on the min, max and average characteristics of images, the training model has been built. Morphological analysis like binary image processing, erosion and dilation play the important role to identify the facial portion of an image from the whole one. Finally face recognition has been made for input images based on their intensity value measurement. The training images collected from various database such as YALE, ORL, and UMIST and others. The algorithm performed well and showed 80 percent accuracy on face predictio

La situación laboral de la mujer salvadoreña en calidad de inmigrante irregular en El Estado de California de los Estados Unidos de América. Periodo 2010-2017.

Causa del posicionamiento laboral y salarial de la inmigrante irregular salvadoreña en el Estado de California de los Estados Unidos de América –Impacto del posicionamiento laboral y salarial de la inmigrante irregular salvadoreña en el Estado de California de los Estados Unidos de América – Importancia de la participación activa del Estado de El Salvador en la mejora laboral y salarial de las inmigrantes irregulares salvadoreñas, radicadas en el Estado de California de los EUA

Russia of Challenges

In 2007 the Ministry of Defence conducted the research project Stable Russia – an evaluation of the security situation in Finland’s neighbourhood. The goal of the project was to paint an all-round picture of the factors affecting stability in Russia as well as possible destabilizing developments which could alter the security situation close to the Finnish borders. The project comprehensively tapped into Finnish Russia-expertise. This publication is based on the reports written for that project

Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery

Drug delivery to the posterior eye segment is an important challenge in ophthalmology, because many diseases affect the retina and choroid leading to impaired vision or blindness. Currently, intravitreal injections are the method of choice to administer drugs to the retina, but this approach is applicable only in selected cases (e.g. anti-VEGF antibodies and soluble receptors). There are two basic approaches that can be adopted to improve retinal drug delivery: prolonged and/or retina targeted delivery of intravitreal drugs and use of other routes of drug administration, such as periocular, suprachoroidal, sub-retinal, systemic, or topical. Properties of the administration route, drug and delivery system determine the efficacy and safety of these approaches. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors determine the required dosing rates and doses that are needed for drug action. In addition, tolerability factors limit the use of many materials in ocular drug delivery. This review article provides a critical discussion of retinal drug delivery, particularly from the pharmacokinetic point of view. This article does not include an extensive review of drug delivery technologies, because they have already been reviewed several times recently. Instead, we aim to provide a systematic and quantitative view on the pharmacokinetic factors in drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. This review is based on the literature and unpublished data from the authors' laboratory.Peer reviewe

Characterization of Conduction Properties of DC Cable Dielectric Materials

Modern power systems are undergoing a grand transformation towards a wide area transmission network, publicly known as “Smart Grid” and “Super Grid”, for technical and economic advantages. Regional systems have been built-up towards national grids and later interconnected with neighboring countries. High voltage direct current (HVDC) is emerging rapidly as an effective and efficient solution for grid interconnection, island electrification, urban grid decongestion, renewable off-shore wind energy integration. Despite the emerging opportunities, significant technical challenges persist for HVDC/MVDC technology, namely in DC cabling and accessories, DC breakers and DC diagnosis and monitoring. The major challenge for DC cabling resides in the insulation due to performance deterioration by space charge accumulation. DC cable dielectrics require optimization of materials that meet a desired property which differs from AC cable dielectrics. In this comprehensive study, the properties needed for the insulation system intended for DC cables and the approach to the design and development of DC formulation with proper balance between key electrical properties, have been investigated. A formalism which includes the correlation between the conductivity and space charge based on two physical materials parameters, activation energy and mean trap separation, has been developed, based on which the role of chemical defects and physical disorder in controlling the conductivity of polymers as well as their implication on practical material design and development are discussed. Basic understanding of those two physical parameters may bring the ability to engineer desirable DC material as well as improved capability to understand the physical basis of aging and other phenomena in dielectrics. These findings contribute towards tailored polymeric insulation materials with superior electrical performance of DC cables for future energy efficient power grids