Exhortation and sympathy in the Paul's Cross Jeremiads

This article considers affective rhetoric by examining the idea of exhortation. Appealing to the emotions in sacred rhetoric was not a strategy opposed to reasoned argument (as it often figures in secular rhetoric); rather, feelings of love for God and sympathy for one’s fellow Christians were among the virtues that preachers sought to rouse in their hearers. Nor were the emotions and the reason rigidly separated in homiletic theories; the preacher persuaded through argument, rhetorical figures and the vehemence that his own spiritual conviction created. These links between argument, example and affection in persuasion are best demonstrated in the exhortation, which uses all the resources that the preacher had at his disposal to move his hearers towards godliness. One of the most significant means of persuasion was for the preacher to create a sympathetic bond between himself and the hearers. He addressed them as thinking and feeling members of a Church in which they all shared an interest. This aspect of affective rhetoric is best seen in the Paul’s Cross Jeremiads, a sermon genre particularly associated with exhortation and characterised by vehement appeals to a sense of common purpose

Experiments in sign language machine translation using examples

Sign langauges (SLs) are the first langauge of the Deaf communities worldwide and, just like other minority languages are poorly resourced and in many cases lack political and social recognition. As a result of this, users of minority languages are often required to have multi-lingual competencies in non-L1 languages. In the case of SLs, this causes considerable hindrance to Deaf people as the average literacy competencies of a Deaf adult are equated with those of a 10-year old. To alleviate this, we propose the development of an automatic machine translation system to translate from spoken language text to SLs through the medium of a signing mannequin

‘The paper fiddle’ : reconstructing the repertoire of late nineteenth-century fiddling in Limerick from the music collection of Patrick Weston Joyce (1827–1914)

Preprin

In the name of freedom: autocracy, serfdom, and suicide in Russia

The 1828 suicide of Grigorii Miasnikov in the small provincial town of Arzamas proved so controversial that it came to the attention of Tsar Nicholas I. Drawing on extensive archival sources, this article explores the meanings of this suicide from the perspective of both its ‘author’ and its subsequent ‘audiences’, including local authorities, the secret police and later memoirists and historians. The case study provides the basis for a broader investigation into the cultural, political, and social history of early-nineteenth-century Russia

Assistive translation technology for deaf people: translating into and animating Irish sign language

Machine Translation (MT) for sign languages (SLs) can facilitate communication between Deaf and hearing people by translating information into the native and preferred language of the individuals. In this paper, we discuss automatic translation from English to Irish SL (ISL) in the domain of airport information. We describe our data collection processes and the architecture of the MaTrEx system used for our translation work. This is followed by an outline of the additional animation phase that transforms the translated output into animated ISL. Through a set of experiments, evaluated both automatically and manually, we show that MT has the potential to assist Deaf people by providing information in their first language

Life Cycle Assessment of Sweet Sorghum as Feedstock for Second-generation Biofuel Production

There exist few life cycle assessments (LCAs) in the literature that focus on the second-generation biofuel production from sweet sorghum, a non-food-source feedstock that offers several advantages in terms of farming requirements compared to corn or sugarcane. The objective of this LCA study was to evaluate biofuels produced from sweet sorghum to determine the potential environmental benefits of producing sweet sorghum biofuel compared to conventional fossil fuels. The biofuel production process used for this study differed from other LCAs in that, in parallel to stalk juice extraction and fermentation, residual bagasse and vinasse was pyrolyzed and upgraded to a diesel equivalent as opposed to being fermented or combusted for a source of heat or electricity production. The life cycle inventory included data available in the literature regarding mass and energy input requirements for farming, juice extraction, fermenting, pre-treatment, pyrolysis, and steam reforming steps. Experimental data for bio-oil upgrading was obtained from a pilot plant in Huntsville, AR, including hydrogen gas requirements for hydrotreatment and diesel, biochar, and non-condensable gas yields. The functional unit used for this study was the total kilometers driven by standard passenger vehicles using ethanol, gasoline and diesel produced from 1 ha of harvested sweet sorghum (76 wet tons). Total biofuel yields resulting from this basis were 5,122 L of bioethanol, 2,708 L of gasoline and 780 L of diesel. With these yields, distances of 58,500 km, 21,500 km, and 12,070 km were chosen as the functional unit for the combustion of E85, E10, and diesel, respectively based on vehicle fuel efficiencies from the GREET model. Compared to conventional gasoline, this production process resulted in nearly 50% reduction of GHGs and 46% reduction in fossil fuel depletion, in addition to reductions in eutrophication, ecotoxicity, and carcinogenics. However, fossil fuels were lower by 25%, 45%, and 12% in the categories of non-carcinogenics, respiratory effects, and smog, respectively. These lower impacts for fossil fuels are driven by heavy-metal uptake from corn production and the fact that less electricity is used in the supply chain compared to biofuel production. A Monte Carlo simulation showed the comparative impact assessment results were not sensitive to uncertainty in the life cycle inventory. While the impact assessment showed benefits in producing sweet sorghum biofuel compared to fossil fuels, further research must be conducted on land use and water use. A detailed process simulation, coupled with continued experimental studies of the pyrolysis and upgrading processes, is recommended for further process optimization and heat integration, as well as composition analyses of the various co-products resulting from the process. Further studies will provide valuable information in choosing between feedstocks, specifically those which can be used to produce second-generation biofuels

A history of business education in the junior high school

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1948. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Making Debt Relief Conditionality Pro-Poor

Aid conditionality, HIPC, Debt relief, East Africa

Joining hands: developing a sign language machine translation system with and for the deaf community

This paper discusses the development of an automatic machine translation (MT) system for translating spoken language text into signed languages (SLs). The motivation for our work is the improvement of accessibility to airport information announcements for D/deaf and hard of hearing people. This paper demonstrates the involvement of Deaf colleagues and members of the D/deaf community in Ireland in three areas of our research: the choice of a domain for automatic translation that has a practical use for the D/deaf community; the human translation of English text into Irish Sign Language (ISL) as well as advice on ISL grammar and linguistics; and the importance of native ISL signers as manual evaluators of our translated output