Comportamento eletroquímico e susceptibilidade a corrosão sob tensão do aço ABNT 1080 utilizado em armaduras de concreto protendido

Estudou-se o comportamento à corrosão e à corrosão-sob-tensão do aço eutetóide empregado em concreto protendido utilizando diversas técnicas experimentais, como curvas de polarização, ensaios de tração com velocidades de deformação média, e ensaios fractomecânicos. Utilizou-se como meio, simulando, o que é usualmente encontrado nos poros do concreto, o Ca(OH)2 saturado, contaminado com diversos teores de cloreto e sulfatos. Com fins comparativos, utilizou-se a solução de tiocianato de amônia padronizada para avaliar a susceptibilidade de aços à fragilização por hidrogênio de aços em concreto. A influência de parâmetros como potencial, temperatura (entre 0° e 90 ) e temperatura de revenido, entre outros são avaliados. O mecanismo de ruptura é avaliado tendo o hidrogênio uma participação importante neste processo.The corrosion and stress corrosion behaviour of AISI 1080 steel employed in concrete prestressed tendon was studied with different experimental techniques. A simulated solution usually found in concrete with and without contaminants as chlorides and sulphates was used. For comparison purpose the standard ammonium tiocianate solution was employed in some Polarization tests, constant extention rate tests with intermediate velocities and fractomechanic tests. The influence of parameters like potentiall temperature (between 0° and 90°), temper temperature of the steell was studied. The results showed that the fracture mechanism is associated with hydrogen action in the stress corrosion cracking process

2-hydroxyethilammonium oleate protic ionic liquid as corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in neutral medium

Protic ionic liquid (PIL) 2‐hydroxyethylammonium oleate (2HEAOl) proved to be a good lubricant for aluminum‐forming processes. However, with the aim of keeping the formed component integrity, it is interesting that the same substance employed during forming does not need to be removed and works out as corrosion inhibitor. Then, the aim of this study was to test the performance of 2HEAOl as corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in neutral 0.5 mol/L NaCl medium by electrochemical characterization. Results showed that the concentration of 5 × 10−4 mol/L was a suitable concentration to promote corrosion inhibition until 72 h at the high chloride concentration studied. The PIL worked out as mixed‐type organic corrosion inhibitor, as it promoted the diminution of the oxygen reduction reaction rate and, in consequence, the pit initiation by its adsorption on the metal surface

An amino-based protic ionic liquid as a corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in aqueous chloride solutions

Protic ionic liquids (PILs) have shown to be promising substances as corrosion inhibitors (CIs). In line with this, the aim of this study is to study the performance and propose the corrosion inhibition mechanism of N‐methyl‐2‐ hydroxyethylamine (M‐2HEAOL) and bis‐2‐hidroxyethylamine (B‐HEAOL) oleate, for mild steel, in a neutral chloride solution. Electrochemical characterization was conducted under static and hydrodynamic conditions, and it was revealed that M‐2HEAOL and B‐HEAOL worked as mixed‐type CIs with more interference on the anodic reaction. Inhibition efficiency depended on the concentration reaching 97% of inhibition efficiency in 5 mmol/L concentration. Scanning electron microscopy, optical interferometry, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy are used to elicit the chemical composition of the surface film and corrosion morphology of steel in the presence of CIs, the adsorption processes of which involved physical and chemical adsorption between metal and different parts of ionic liquids. The results allowed the proposition of a corrosion inhibition mechanism

N-methyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium oleate ionic liquid performance as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the performance of N‐methyl‐2‐ hydroxyethylammonium oleate ([m‐2HEA][Ol]) as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 0.1‐mol/L hydrochloric acid solution and also investigate the role of chloride in the inhibition mechanism. This protic ionic liquid (PIL) has formerly shown a high efficiency as a corrosion inhibitor in a neutral chloride medium. Electrochemical and weight loss measurements, surface contact angle determination, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to understand the factors that influence the response of the studied inhibitor. Results revealed that [m‐2HEA][Ol] behaves as a mixed‐type adsorption inhibitor, by blocking cathodic sites and by modifying the activation energy of the anodic reaction, and it can reach up to 94–97% of inhibition efficiency. PIL adsorption was enhanced by the excess of positive charge of the mild steel. The effect of inhibitor molecule has been discussed to propose a mechanism that explains the inhibitory action of the corrosion inhibitor, pointing out the role of chloride in the inhibition mechanism

Método de prevenção da fragilização por hidrogênio de componentes a partir de revestimentos por aspersão térmica

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulEngenhariaDepositad

Niobium and niobium-iron coatings on API 5LX 70 steel applied with HVOF

The present study aimed to create and characterize niobium and niobium-iron60% coatings applied to steel API 5L X70 using the hypersonic thermal spray process (HVOF). The morphologies of the coatings were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and profilometry, while the coatings’ hardnesses was evaluated using the Vickers hardness test. The coatings’ corrosion resistance was evaluated by monitoring their open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization and performing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a 0.05 M NaCl solution. The results showed that the niobium-iron coating contained minor porosity regions, while such defects occurred over large regions of the niobium coating. In terms of corrosion resistance, the coatings obtained in this work promoted a reduction in the substrate’s corrosion rate, but the presence of discontinuities such as porosity compromised the barrier effects of these coatings

A Genetic Animal Model of Alcoholism for Screening Medications to Treat Addiction

The purpose of this review is to present up-to-date pharmacological, genetic, and behavioral findings from the alcohol-preferring P rat and summarize similar past work. Behaviorally, the focus will be on how the P rat meets criteria put forth for a valid animal model of alcoholism with a highlight on its use as an animal model of polysubstance abuse, including alcohol, nicotine, and psychostimulants. Pharmacologically and genetically, the focus will be on the neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems that have received the most attention: cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, corticotrophin releasing hormone, opioid, and neuropeptide Y. Herein, we sought to place the P rat's behavioral and neurochemical phenotypes, and to some extent its genotype, in the context of the clinical literature. After reviewing the findings thus far, this chapter discusses future directions for expanding the use of this genetic animal model of alcoholism to identify molecular targets for treating drug addiction in general

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Contribuição ao estudo da susceptibilidade à corrosão-sob-tensão do aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304 em meios aquosos contendo cloretos

Estudou-se o comportamento anódico do aço inoxidável AISI 304 tensionado, em soluções aquosas de NaCl neutras e ácidas. A técnica experimental utilizada foi a da deformação do material, com velocidade constante e elevada taxa de deformação, a temperatura ambiente e a 90°C. Determinou-se a densidade de corrente para o metal nu que e exposto ao meio, quando da deformação do aço em vários potenciais, para as concentrações de 1N; 0,1N e 0,001N de NaCl, em ambas as temperaturas, e para o meio de 1N de H2SO4 + 0,01N de NaCl, à temperatura ambiente. Na concentração de 1N de NaCl também foram feitos testes com o material levemente sensitizado a 25 e a 90°C. Estimou-se, a partir desses dados, a taxa possível de propagação de trincas e se anal i saram parâmetros relacionados com a susceptibilidade à C.S.T. Foram realizadas curvas de polarização potenciodinâmicas em várias velocidades de varredura de potencial, com e sem deformação simultânea do eletrodo para as mesmas temperaturas e, em algumas concentrações de NaCl, no intuito de comparar os valores de corrente encontrados com as do método descrito acima. Tais curvas foram também executadas para soluções de MgCl2 , com e sem adição de NaNO3 em ebulição, com a finalidade de comparar sua capacidade de prognóstico à corrosão-sob-tensão com a de outros tipos de ensaios reportados.The anodic behavior of type 304 austenitic stainless steel, stressed in aqueous neutral and acid NaCl solutions, was studied. The experimental technique of the straining electrode, with constant speed and high strain rate, was applied at room temperature and at 90°C. The current density on the bare metal, which is exposed to the medium during the straining os the specimen, was determined at various potentials for 1N; 0,01N and 0,001N NaCl, at both temperatures, and for 1N H2SO4 + 0,1N NaCl at room temperature. In the 1N NaCl solution, tests were also carried with slightly sensitizes material at 25°C and 90°C. The possible crack propagation rates were estimated from these data, and parameters related with stress corrosion cracking susceptibility were analised. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were done at several potential scanning rates with and without simultaneous straining of the electrode at the same temperature, in some of the NaCl concentrations, with the aim of comparing the current values with those found in the method described above. These curves were also performed in boiling MgCl2 solutions with and without addition of NaNO3 with the purpose of compare its stress corrosion prognostic capacity in relation of that other types of tests reported