The Effect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations on Health Behavior in College Students: A Systematic Review

When measuring the weight of individuals to create healthy lifestyle plans with proper diet and exercise it is alarming how many people follow even the MINIMUM requirement to live a long healthy life. Research has proven that even people who are aware that they are overweight will likely only have a short-lived maintenance of healthy behaviors. Therefore, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations were examined in order to better understand the difference between the population who maintains healthy lifestyles and those whose healthy habits are not sustained. Methods: A systematic review process was used to filter and screen for applicable studies in both ENGLISH and SPANISH languages across 7 databases (2 of which were not included as they were found to have no aplicable articles in the end). Studies only included those who included college students, both internal and external motivations, and were conducted in between the years 1980-2017. Results: It was found that people who are initially starting to undergo healthy lifestyle changes will benefit more from extrinsic motivators. At the same time people who are in the maintenance stage of their lifestyle changes are more likely to stay in this stage due to intrinsic motivators. Conclusion: It is the most beneficial to use both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators to be able to sustain a healthy lifestyle and achieve overall wellness. Keywords: Healthy Behavior defined as purposefully adopted behavior patterns, actions and habits that improve, protect or maintain health and well being. Motivation defined as anything internally or externally that drives you to act towards a desired outcome. Obesit

Connecting labour values and relative prices

A rate of profit, expressed in labour magnitudes, that allows matching total plus value with total profits is determined. The relative prices, expressed in wage units, associated with this rate ensure that total profits are equal to the difference between the sum of relative prices and the sum of labour values as well.Labour values; relative prices; rate of profit; plus value

Magnesium Isotopes in Halo Stars

We have determined Mg isotope ratios in halo field dwarfs and giants in the globular cluster M71 based on high S/N high spectral resolution (R = 10$^5$) Keck HIRES spectra. Unlike previous claims of an important contribution from intermediate-mass AGB stars to the Galactic halo, we find that our $^{26}$Mg/$^{24}$Mg ratios can be explained by massive stars.Comment: Proceedings, First Stars III, July 16-20, 2007, Santa F

Chemical signatures of planets: beyond solar-twins

Elemental abundance studies of solar twin stars suggest that the solar chemical composition contains signatures of the formation of terrestrial planets in the solar system, namely small but significant depletions of the refractory elements. To test this hypothesis, we study stars which, compared to solar twins, have less massive convective envelopes (therefore increasing the amplitude of the predicted effect) or are, arguably, more likely to host planets (thus increasing the frequency of signature detections). We measure relative atmospheric parameters and elemental abundances of a late-F type dwarf sample (52 stars) and a sample of metal-rich solar analogs (59 stars). We detect refractory-element depletions with amplitudes up to about 0.15 dex. The distribution of depletion amplitudes for stars known to host gas giant planets is not different from that of the rest of stars. The maximum amplitude of depletion increases with effective temperature from 5650 K to 5950 K, while it appears to be constant for warmer stars (up to 6300 K). The depletions observed in solar twin stars have a maximum amplitude that is very similar to that seen here for both of our samples. Gas giant planet formation alone cannot explain the observed distributions of refractory-element depletions, leaving the formation of rocky material as a more likely explanation of our observations. More rocky material is necessary to explain the data of solar twins than metal-rich stars, and less for warm stars. However, the sizes of the stars' convective envelopes at the time of planet formation could be regulating these amplitudes. Our results could be explained if disk lifetimes were shorter in more massive stars, as independent observations indeed seem to suggest.Comment: Astronomy and Astrophysics, in press. Full tables available in the source downloa

Revisiting Economic Growth in Colombia: A Microeconomic Perspective

This paper revisits economic growth in Colombia using the growth diagnostics methodology proposed by Hausmann, Rodrik and Velasco (2005), to identify the most binding constraints for economic growth and the policies that, if implemented, can have the largest positive impact. To rank public policy priorities the HRV (2005) methodological approach is complemented with an econometric analysis of micro-data, aimed at exploring the impact that the various potential constraints to growth have had on firm-level investment decisions. The data shows economic reactivation in areas with falling violence. Results from analysis at the microeconomic level, however, give a particular spin to this conclusion by showing that investment decisions at the firm level are also explained by the restoration of some form of public order connected to the cessation of paramilitary violence and not only by the reduction of violence. From a public policy perspective, perhaps the most relevant result is the confirmation that in Colombia investment decisions are negatively affected by the cost of financing. Empirical results, robust across model specifications, single out the provision of access to financing at fair prices as a policy priority for economic growth, relevant across country regions and independent of whether uncertainties from poor protection to property rights are resolved.