Indios y ladinos nunca podrán ser amigos”. Acerca de los orígenes del movimiento maya en Guatemala, 1976-1985

A más tardar a partir de los años noventa, los movimientos indígenas alrededor del mundo se han convertido en actores políticos a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, en el presente artículo sedemuestra que, contrario a la opinión científi ca establecida, losorígenes del movimiento maya en Guatemala se remontan a losaños setenta. Retando tanto al Estado nacional como a la guerrilla izquierdista, el movimiento maya se defi nió en una de las guerras civiles más sangrientas del siglo XX en Latinoamérica

Procesos violentos de formación del Estado en los inicios del Frente Nacional en el Tolima, Colombia

La antropología del Estado, mediante los conceptos de los subaltern y de los postcolonial studies, considera al Estado desde una perspectiva constructivista y performativa.Se distancia de la idea de que el Estado-nación occidental es el ejemplo universal que cualquier sociedad humana debe imitar. Por ello, los antropólogos del Estado no lo examinan como objeto prefigurado o predefinido, sino que analizan el continuo proceso de su formación. La delimitación entre el Estado y la sociedad civil es uno de los aspectos más importantes de la formación del primero. La constitución de un Estado legítimo frente a determinada sociedad civil puede llevarse a cabo de manera pacífica, a través de elecciones, consultas populares, debates parlamentarios o de las reivindicaciones de los movimientos sociales, si son tomadas en cuenta por el Gobierno. Sin embargo, Holden (2004) advierte que los procesos de formación muchas veces son violentos e implican el uso de la violencia física por parte de los grupos paraestatales, como los define Waldmann (1991), y de los actores antiestatales, en el campo de la fuerza y del poder estatal que Holden conceptualiza. Retomando los conceptos de la antropología del Estado, el artículo analiza procesos violentos de formación del Estado durante los primeros gobiernos del Frente Nacional en el departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Con base en fuentes escritas de diferentes archivos, tales como periódicos, expedientes judiciales y memorandos del Gobierno, el artículo investiga las luchas armadas en contra de la oposición política de izquierda en el Tolima y las zonas fronterizas. Se demuestra que los gobiernos liberales y conservadores —a pesar de sus intentos de pacificar el país y de tener un carácter democrático de manera formal— no renunciaron a los grupos irregulares, con el fin de que el Estado existiera en sus márgenes. Al recurrir, tanto directa como indirectamente, a grupos de exguerrilleros liberales para defender el sistema político de la época, los procesos violentos de formación del Estado se perpetuaron hasta el presente.The anthropology of the State, using the concepts of the subaltern and postcolonial studies, understands the State from a constructivist and performative perspective. It moves away from the idea that the Western Nation-State is a universal example that otherhuman societies should emulate. Thus, anthropologists of the State do not examine it as a prefigured or predefined object; instead, they analyze the continual process of its formation. The delimitation between the State and civil society is one of the most importantaspects of the formation of the former. The constitution of a legitimate State with respect to a particular civil society may occur in a peaceful manner through elections, popular consultation, and parliamentary debates or through the demands of social movements, if they are taken into account by the government. However, the processes of State formation are often violent and involve the use of physical violence on the part of para-state groups, and anti-state actors in the area of State force and power. Using the concepts of the anthropology of the State, this article analyzes the violent processes of State formation during thefirst governments of the National Front in the department of Tolima, Colombia. Based on written sources from various archives, in addition to periodicals, court records, and memoranda of the Government, the article investigates the armed strugglesagainst the political opposition of the left in Tolima and border zones. It shows that liberal and conservative governments —in spite of their intent to pacify the country and formally maintain a democratic character— did not renounce irregular groups, with the goal of causing the State to “exist” at its margins. In both directly and indirectly making use of groups of liberal ex-guerrillas to defend the political system of the period, the violent processes of formation of the State were perpetuated into the present.La antropología del Estado, mediante los conceptos de los subaltern y de los postcolonial studies, considera al Estado desde una perspectiva constructivista y performativa. Se distancia de la idea de que el Estado-nación occidental es el ejemplo universal quecualquier sociedad humana debe imitar. Por ello, los antropólogos del Estado no lo examinan como objeto prefigurado o predefinido, sino que analizan el continuo proceso de su formación. La delimitación entre el Estado y la sociedad civil es uno de los aspectos más importantes de la formación del primero. La constitución de un Estado legítimo frente a determinada sociedad civil puede llevarse a cabo de manera pacífica, a través deelecciones, consultas populares, debates parlamentarios o de las reivindicaciones de los movimientos sociales, si son tomadas en cuenta por el Gobierno. Sin embargo, Holden (2004) advierte que los procesos de formación muchas veces son violentos e implican eluso de la violencia física por parte de los grupos paraestatales, como los define Waldmann (1991), y de los actores antiestatales, en el campo de la fuerza y del poder estatal que Holdenconceptualiza. Retomando los conceptos de la antropología del Estado, el artículo analiza procesos violentos de formación del Estado durante los primeros gobiernos del Frente Nacional en el departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Con base en fuentes escritas de diferentes archivos, tales como periódicos, expedientesjudiciales y memorandos del Gobierno, el artículo investiga las luchas armadas en contra de la oposición política de izquierda en el Tolima y las zonas fronterizas. Se demuestra que los gobiernos liberales y conservadores —a pesar de sus intentos de pacificarel país y de tener un carácter democrático de manera formal— no renunciaron a los grupos irregulares, con el fin de que el Estado existiera en sus márgenes. Al recurrir, tanto directa como indirectamente, a grupos de exguerrilleros liberales para defender el sistema político de la época, los procesos violentos de formación del Estado se perpetuaron hasta el presente

Feminist Politics of Connectedness in the Americas

Roth J. Feminist Politics of Connectedness in the Americas. In: Rehm L, Kemner J, Kaltmeier O, eds. Politics of Entanglement in the Americas. Connecting transnational flows and local perspectives. Inter-American Studies. Vol 19. Trier: WVT; 2017: 73-96

How Next Generation EU Will be Paid Off

• As part of Next Generation EU (NGEU), the European Union (EU) has borrowed funds for the first time to provide grants to member states. Starting in 2028, the EU will repay these borrowings from its budget. • Under the 2020 Own Resources Decision, the member states have earmarked funds over and above what is necessary to amortise outstanding borrowings. • Current discussions about the creation of new Own Resources to pay off borrowings for NGEU grants appear, for this reason, to be driven by institutional interests rather than financial necessity. •It seems unlikely that member states will be compelled by the EU’s pandemic-related debt repayments to create additional sources of revenue for the Union’s budget.Banking on Europ

Impact of the WHO “best buys” for alcohol policy on consumption and health in the Baltic countries and Poland 2000–2020

Funding Information: Funding: Research reported in this publication was in part supported by the (U.S.) National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), grant number 1R01AA028224 . This research was conducted as part of the project ‘Evaluation of the impact of alcohol control policies on morbidity and mortality in Lithuania and other Baltic states’ and we would like to thank the whole team for their input to wider discussions in generating the research reported in this paper. Content is the responsibility of the authors and does not reflect official positions of the NIAAA or the NIH. Publisher Copyright: © 2023Alcohol use is a major risk factor for burden of disease. This narrative review aims to document the effects of major alcohol control policies, in particular taxation increases and availability restrictions in the three Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) between 2000 and 2020. These measures have been successful in curbing alcohol sales, in general without increasing consumption of alcoholic beverages from unrecorded sources; although for more recent changes this may have been partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, findings from time-series analyses suggest improved health, measured as reductions in all-cause and alcohol-attributable mortality, as well as narrowing absolute mortality inequalities between lower and higher educated groups. For most outcomes, there were sex differences observed, with alcohol control policies more strongly affecting males. In contrast to this successful path, alcohol control policies were mostly dismantled in the neighbouring country of Poland, resulting in a rising death toll due to liver cirrhosis and other alcohol-attributable deaths. The natural experiment in this region of high-income European countries with high consumption levels highlights the importance of effective alcohol control policies for improving population health.Peer reviewe

European Language Grid: A Joint Platform for the European Language Technology Community

Europe is a multilingual society, in which dozens of languages are spoken. The only option to enable and to benefit from multilingualism is through Language Technologies (LT), i.e., Natural Language Processing and Speech Technologies. We describe the European Language Grid (ELG), which is targeted to evolve into the primary platform and marketplace for LT in Europe by providing one umbrella platform for the European LT landscape, including research and industry, enabling all stakeholders to upload, share and distribute their services, products and resources. At the end of our EU project, which will establish a legal entity in 2022, the ELG will provide access to approx. 1300 services for all European languages as well as thousands of data sets

A Genetic Animal Model of Alcoholism for Screening Medications to Treat Addiction

The purpose of this review is to present up-to-date pharmacological, genetic, and behavioral findings from the alcohol-preferring P rat and summarize similar past work. Behaviorally, the focus will be on how the P rat meets criteria put forth for a valid animal model of alcoholism with a highlight on its use as an animal model of polysubstance abuse, including alcohol, nicotine, and psychostimulants. Pharmacologically and genetically, the focus will be on the neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems that have received the most attention: cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, corticotrophin releasing hormone, opioid, and neuropeptide Y. Herein, we sought to place the P rat's behavioral and neurochemical phenotypes, and to some extent its genotype, in the context of the clinical literature. After reviewing the findings thus far, this chapter discusses future directions for expanding the use of this genetic animal model of alcoholism to identify molecular targets for treating drug addiction in general

The landscape of tolerated genetic variation in humans and primates.

Personalized genome sequencing has revealed millions of genetic differences between individuals, but our understanding of their clinical relevance remains largely incomplete. To systematically decipher the effects of human genetic variants, we obtained whole-genome sequencing data for 809 individuals from 233 primate species and identified 4.3 million common protein-altering variants with orthologs in humans. We show that these variants can be inferred to have nondeleterious effects in humans based on their presence at high allele frequencies in other primate populations. We use this resource to classify 6% of all possible human protein-altering variants as likely benign and impute the pathogenicity of the remaining 94% of variants with deep learning, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy for diagnosing pathogenic variants in patients with genetic diseases