Avaliação econômica e epidemiológica de intervenções baseadas em mensagens de texto em pacientes com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana

Objetivo: evaluar la relación costo-efectividad y el impacto presupuestario del envío de mensajes de texto, asociados con consultas médicas, para reducir la carga viral de pacientes infectados con el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, que sirve de base para el desarrollo de un modelo de cohorte dinámico con estados de Markov para comparar consultas médicas para adultos infectados con el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana versus la estrategia alternativa que consistió en asociar las consultas médicas al envío de mensajes de texto por teléfono móvil. Resultados: 156 adultos participaron en el estudio. En cuanto a la carga viral, se encontró que en el grupo control hubo aumento, en el grupo de intervención A (mensajes semanales) hubo una reducción (p = 0,002) y en el grupo B (mensajes quincenales) no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. El envío de mensajes de texto podría evitar 286.538 nuevas infecciones por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana y 282 muertes en el período de 20 años, en comparación con el tratamiento estándar. La estrategia alternativa resultaría en un ahorro de R$14 mil millones en costos de tratamiento Conclusión: el envío semanal de mensajes de forma complementaria al tratamiento estándar puede reducir la carga viral circulante debido a su efecto en la disminución de nuevas infecciones, además de reducir los costos en materia de salud.Objetivo: avaliar a razão custo-efetividade e o impacto orçamentário do envio de mensagens de texto, associadas às consultas médicas, para redução da carga viral de pacientes infectados com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado, base para o desenvolvimento de um modelo de coorte dinâmica com estados de Markov a fim de comparar consultas médicas para adultos infectados pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana versus a estratégia alternativa que associou consultas médicas, ao envio de mensagens de texto pelo telefone. Resultados: participaram do estudo 156 adultos. Quanto à carga viral, foi verificado que no grupo controle houve aumento, no grupo intervenção A (mensagens semanais) houve redução (p=0,002) e no grupo B (mensagens quinzenais) não houve diferença estatisticamente significante. O envio de mensagens de texto evitaria 286.538 novas infecções pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana e 282 mortes no período de 20 anos, ao comparar com o tratamento padrão. A estratégia alternativa resultaria em uma economia de R$ 14 bilhões nos custos de tratamento. Conclusão: o envio semanal de mensagens em associação ao tratamento padrão pode reduzir a carga viral circulante por seu efeito na diminuição de novas infeções, além da redução de custos em saúde.Objective: to evaluate the cost-effectiveness ratio and the budget impact of sending text messages associated with medical consultations in order to reduce the viral load of patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Method: a randomized clinical trial, basis for the development of a dynamic cohort model with Markov states in order to compare medical appointments for adults infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus versus the alternative strategy that associated medical consultations to sending text messages through telephone. Results: 156 adults participated in the study. As for the viral load, it was verified that in the control group there was an increase, in the intervention group A (weekly messages) there was a reduction (p = 0.002) and in group B (biweekly messages) there was no statistically significant difference. Sending text messages would prevent 286,538 new infections by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and 282 deaths in the 20-year period, compared to the standard treatment. The alternative strategy would result in saving R$ 14 billion in treatment costs. Conclusion: weekly sending messages in association with the standard treatment can reduce the circulating viral load due to its effect in decreasing new infections, in addition to reducing health costs

Contributions of school context to caries on anterior teeth: a multilevel analysis

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether oral health literacy (OHL) and school context are associated with untreated dental caries on the anterior teeth of adolescents. METHODS A representative cross-sectional study was conducted with 746 students aging 15 to 19 in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil. The guardians answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic data and the absence/presence of private health insurance. Two examiners were trained for the diagnosis of dental caries using the Nyvad criteria and the measurement of OHL using the Brazilian Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (BREALD-30) (Kappa > 0.80). Contextual aspects of the schools were obtained from the 2017 National School Census. Descriptive statistics were conducted, followed by unadjusted and adjusted robust negative binomial regression for complex samples (p < 0.05). RESULTS The average number of anterior teeth with untreated caries was 0.95 (SD = 1.77). Among individual factors, the male sex (RR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.24–2.16), inadequate level of OHL (RR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.13–1.63), marginal level of OHL (RR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.05–3.33) and not having private health insurance (RR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.07–1.68) were associated with untreated caries on anterior teeth. Among school contextual factors, the number of students in the classroom (RR = 2.64; 95%CI: 1.78–3.93), number of public oral health services in the district (RR = 0.14; 95%CI: 0.05–0.39) and average income of the district in which the school is located (RR = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.98–0.99) were associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS Sociodemographic factors, having private health insurance, OHL, and school context exerted an influence on the occurrence of untreated dental caries on anterior teeth in adolescents aging 15 to 19

Psychometric properties of BREALD-30 for assessing adolescents’ oral health literacy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (BREALD-30) administered to adolescents. METHODS: The study included 750 adolescents: 375 aged 12 years and 375 aged 15–19 years, attending public and private schools in Campina Grande, state of Paraíba, Brazil, in 2017. Reliability was measured based on internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Convergent validity was measured based on correlations between BREALD-30 and Functional Literacy Indicator scores. Divergent validity was measured by comparing BREALD-30 scores with sociodemographic variables. For predictive validity, the association between BREALD-30 scores and the presence of cavitated carious lesions was tested using a multiple logistic regression model. All statistical tests were performed with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: BREALD-30 showed good internal consistency for the 12 year olds and 15 to19 year olds (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.871 and 0.834, respectively) and good test-retest reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.898 and 0.974; kappa = 0.804 and 0.808, respectively]. Moreover, item-total correlation was satisfactory for all items. BREALD-30 had convergent validity with the Functional Literacy Indicator for 12 year olds (rs = 0.558, p < 0.001) and for 15 to 19 year olds (rs = 0.652, p < 0.001). Participants with higher oral health literacy levels who attended private schools (p < 0.001), belonged to economic classes A and B2 (p < 0.001), and who had parents with higher education levels (p < 0.001) were included, indicating the divergent validity of the BREALD-30. Participants with lower BREALD-30 scores were more likely to have cavitated carious lesions [12 year olds: odds ratio (OR) = 2.37; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.48–3.80; 15 to 19 year olds: OR = 1.96; 95%CI 1.24–3.11]. CONCLUSIONS: BREALD-30 shows satisfactory psychometric properties for use on Brazilian adolescents and can be applied as a fast, simple, and reliable measure of oral health literacy

Ensinando higienização das mãos para crianças em uma escola municipal de Juiz de Fora: relato de experiência

Diversas doenças na infância podem ser prevenidas por meio da higienização das mãos. Com esse propósito, o presente estudo tem como objetivo relatar as experiências dos estudantes e professor orientador envolvidos em um projeto de extensão que abordou o ensino da higienização das mãos para crianças em uma escola municipal localizada na região de Juiz de Fora, MG. Trata-se de um relato de experiência conduzido em uma escola pública da rede municipal de ensino, no período compreendido entre 3 de março e 10 de junho de 2023. O projeto de extensão foi realizado através do planejamento e da elaboração das ações na Faculdade de Enfermagem. Posteriormente, foi implementado na instituição de ensino por meio de duas atividades educativas, conduzidas de forma lúdica para facilitar a compreensão do tema. Participaram deste projeto de extensão 149 crianças, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (54,3%). Após a execução das ações e com o intuito de reforçar a técnica de higiene das mãos, elaborou-se uma peça educativa que visa definir os momentos recomendados para a implementação dessa medida preventiva no âmbito escolar. Observou-se que a educação em saúde voltada à higienização das mãos nas escolas contribuiu para a promoção da autonomia e responsabilidade das crianças em relação à própria saúde

PesquisarCOM: efeitos de uma oficina de experimentação corporal com pessoas cegas e com baixa visão

A pesquisa Perceber sem Ver realiza-se no Instituto Benjamin Constant (IBC) e conta com um dispositivo-intervenção, as Oficinas de Experimentação Corporal, oferecidas às pessoas cegas e com baixa visão. Nas oficinas, exploramos o encontro entre corpos-músicas-bexigas-sons e investigamos aquilo que o corpo pode vir a criar. Definimos corpo como corporeidade, existência que se realiza na prática de experimentar-se. A perda da visão exige uma (re)eleboração da relação entre cada corpo singular e o mundo. Perguntamos: quais os efeitos de uma oficina de experimentação corporal com pessoas cegas e com baixa visão? Lançando mão do método pesquisarCOM, afirmamos que o trabalho corporal coloca em cena um eu-corpo sabido de si mesmo, que no caminho de experimentar-se, apreende de si e partilha essas descobertas em conjunto. O corporeisar-se, dado nas oficinas, passa corporeisar a cegueira, passa também pelo corporeisar nossos próprios corpos de pesquisadoras, nossos próprios referenciais visuocêntricos.Palavras-chave: Corporeidade; PesquisarCOM; Deficiência Visual

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified