ВПЛИВ КОРУПЦІЇ НА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ВИДАТКІВ БЮДЖЕТІВ ДЕРЖАВ ІЗ РІЗНИМ РІВНЕМ ДЕМОКРАТІЇ

Corruption, being linked to institutions of power, affects the efficiency of using public funds in a country. This happens, in particular, due to distortions in the structure of public expenditure, worsening quality and decreasing accessibility of public services, and overpricing of public services. The consequences of corruption that arise in different areas of human activity often become subject of scientific investigations performed by reputable scientists. However, the issue of the impact of corruption on public spending efficiency in the countries with different levels of democratic development has not been researched. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of corruption on the efficiency of public spending across the world (in 166 countries for the period from 2004 until 2017). The research is carried out by applying regression analysis to indicators characterizing the level of corruption and the efficiency of public spending obtained from large-scale survey data collected by major international organizations and aggregated in the World Bank’s “World Development Indicators” database. The analysis is also performed by using k-means clustering method to group countries into 4 clusters by the level of democracy and to build refined one-factor econometric models for each of them.The study revealed strong correlation relationship between corruption and public spending efficiency. It has been determined that a unit increase in corruption perceptions (a decrease in corruption) leads to a marginal increase in the efficiency of public spending by 0.931 units in the simple linear regression model and by 0.807 units in the multiple regression model. The study also showed that the impact of corruption on public spending varies depending on the level of democracy in a country. In the countries with low democracy levels, a unit decrease in corruption increases the efficiency of public spending by 0.923 units, whereas a similar decrease in corruption in the countries with high democracy levels will increase public spending efficiency only by 0.701 units. The findings of this study allow us to determine with higher accuracy the effects of corruption reduction measures on the efficiency of public spending.Исследованы теоретические основы и практические аспекты влияния коррупции на эффективность расходов бюджета. Установлено, что уменьшение коррупции на единицу в однофакторной модели приводит к предельному увеличению эффективности расходов бюджета на 0,931 единиц, а в модели множественной регрессии прирост составил 0,807 единиц. Доказано, что воздействие коррупции на бюджетные расходы видоизменяется в зависимости от уровня демократии в государствах. В странах с низким уровнем демократии сокращение уровня коррупции на единицу приводит к росту эффективности расходов бюджета на 0,923 единицы, в то время, когда в странах с высоким уровнем демократии аналогичное уменьшение коррупции приведет к росту эффективности расходов только на 0,701.Корупція, будучи пов’язаною з владними інституціями, позначається на ефективності використання коштів бюджету держави. Це відбувається, зокрема, через викривлення структури видатків бюджету, погіршення якості та доступності суспільних послуг, зростання вартості суспільних благ тощо. Наслідки корупції для різних сфер життєдіяльності часто є предметом дослідження авторитетних учених. Однак питання впливу корупції на ефективність використання бюджетних ресурсів у країнах із різними рівнями розвитку демократії не вивчене. Метою дослідження є з’ясування впливу корупції на ефективність бюджетних видатків у різних країнах світу (у 166-ти країнах світу впродовж 2004–2017 рр.) Дослідження передбачало застосування регресійного аналізу індикаторів, що характеризують рівень корупції та ефективність видатків бюджету. Аналіз передбачав також групування країн за допомогою методу k-середніх на чотири кластери за рівнем демократії та побудову для них якісних однофакторних економетричних моделей. Виявлено тісну кореляційну залежність корупції та ефективності видатків бюджету; установлено, що зростанням оцінки корупції (її зменшення) на одиницю в однофакторній моделі призводить до граничного збільшення ефективності видатків бюджету на 0,931 одиниці, а в моделі множинної регресії приріст становив 0,807 одиниці. Установлено, що вплив корупції на бюджетні видатки видозмінюється залежно від рівня демократії у країнах. У країнах із найнижчим рівнем демократії скорочення рівня корупції на одиницю призводить до зростання ефективності видатків бюджету на 0,923 одиниці, у той час, коли у країнах із найвищим рівнем демократії аналогічне зменшення корупції призведе до зростання ефективності видатків лише на 0,701. Одержані результати дають змогу точніше визначати наслідки для ефективності видатків бюджету від заходів, спрямованих на скорочення корупції

OPTIMIZATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCING A MAGNETO CONTROLLABLE NANOCOMPOSITE Ag@Fe3O4 USING MATHEMATICAL DESIGN

Objective: The purpose of the research was to optimize technology for producing a magneto controllable nanocomposite Ag@Fe3O4 with modern physicochemical and therapeutic requirements using methods of mathematical design of the experiment. Methods: To optimize the synthesis process of the nanocomposite Ag@Fe3O4, the method of factor experiment was used. Mathematical calculations were performed using the STATISTICA 10 StatSoft Inc. system and Excel spreadsheet processor of MS Office 2019 Professional Plus. Results: Based on the study of technological parameters of nanocomposite synthesis Ag@Fe3O4 (16 experiments) a regression equation was obtained: Y = 106.415+0.038X1+4.448Х2+1.806Х3–1.593Х4–18.945Х5–109.980Х6. By the use of this equation the synthesis parameters were optimized with the help of steepest ascent method. It was found that the maximum yield of Ag@Fe3O4 can be achieved under the following conditions: X1 (magnetite synthesis time, min)–40; X2 (glucose content in solution,%)–10; X3 (temperature of the Tollens reaction, °С)–65; X4 (magnetite silver coating time, min)–30; X5 (pH, units)–8.5; X6 (rate of addition of ammonia, mol/min)–0.36. Conclusion: Using mathematical design of the experiment, a technology was developed for producing Ag@Fe3O4 with modern physicochemical and therapeutic requirements

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ СЦЕНАРІЇВ З ЕЛЕМЕНТАМИ КЛІНІЧНОЇ ФАРМАКОЛОГІЇ ПРИ ВИВЧЕННІ ОКРЕМИХ ТЕМ З АКУШЕРСТВА ТА ГІНЕКОЛОГІЇ

The aim of the work – to evaluate the effectiveness of training simulation trainings with the elements of clinical pharmacology in improving the quality of the educational process of students in the discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The main body. A doctor of any specialty, including general practice, must know the causes, the clinic, the diagnosis of obstetric bleeding and tactics, depending on the reasons for it. Massive obstetric bleeding occupies a leading position among the causes of various types of severe obstetric disease, such as hemorrhagic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, etc., and the first among the causes of maternal mortality. The frequency of bleeding is from 6 to 11 % of all births. That is why it is relevant to work out the technology of the active management of the third period on the phantom of active management of the third period. In the course of our work, we concluded that training in the simulation center using modern phantoms allows students to master the basic practical skills of obstetrics, which may become necessary in future practical work of the doctor. general practice, and also provides the basis for mastering some manipulations for future specialization. Conclusions. The current development of medical science and practice necessitates making adjustments to the training of medical students with the approach of their education to international standards. That is why the quality of education in higher education institutions needs to be improved by effectively organizing and informing the educational process, by introducing advanced scientific developments into teaching practice.Мета роботи – оцінювання ефективності навчальних симуляційних тренінгів з елементами клінічної фармакології у підвищенні якості освітнього процесу студентів із дисципліни “Акушерство та гінекологія”. Основна частина. Лікар будь-якої спеціальності, в тому числі і загальної практики, повинен знати причини, клініку, діагностику акушерських кровотеч та тактику залежно від причин, що її зумовили. Масивні акушерські кровотечі займають провідне місце серед причин різних видів тяжкої акушерської патології, такої, як геморагічний шок, синдром дисемінованого внутрішньосудинного згортання крові тощо, та перше місце серед причин материнської смертності. Частота кровотеч складає від 6 до 11 % усіх пологів. Саме тому актуальним є відпрацювання на фантомі техніки активного ведення ІІІ періоду. В процесі нашої роботи ми зробили висновок, що навчання у симуляційному центрі із ви­користанням сучасних фантомів дозволяє студентам досконало оволодіти основними практичними навичками з акушерства, які можуть стати необхідними у майбутній практичній роботі лікаря загальної практики, а також закладає основу оволодіння деякими маніпуляціями для майбутньої спеціалізації. Висновки. Сучасний розвиток медичної науки й практики зумовлює необхідність вносити корективи в підготовку студентів-медиків із наближенням їхньої освіти до міжнародних стандартів. Тому якість освіти у вищих навчальних закладах необхідно покращити шляхом ефективної організації та інформатизації навчального процесу, за допомогою впровадження передових наукових розробок у практику викладання

Клінічний випадок синдрому Гольденхара у новонародженого

Резюме. у статті представлено клінічний випадок окуло-аурикуло вертебральної дисплазії (синдрому Гольденхара) у новонародженої дитини

Interactions of Bacillus Mojavensis and Fusarium Verticillioides With a Benzoxazolinone (Boa) and Its Transformation Product, Apo

En:Journal of Chemical Ecology (2007, vol. 33, n. 10, p. 1885-1897)The benzoxazolinones, specifically benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (BOA), are important transformation products of the benzoxazinones that can serve as allelochemicals providing resistance to maize from pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and insects. However, maize pathogens such as Fusarium verticillioides are capable of detoxifying the benzoxazolinones to 2-aminophenol (AP), which is converted to the less toxic N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) malonamic acid (HPMA) and 2-acetamidophenol (HPAA). As biocontrol strategies that utilize a species of endophytic bacterium, Bacillus mojavensis, are considered efficacious as a control of this Fusarium species, the in vitro transformation and effects of BOA on growth of this bacterium was examined relative to its interaction with strains of F. verticillioides. The results showed that a red pigment was produced and accumulated only on BOA-amended media when wild type and the progeny of genetic crosses of F. verticillioides are cultured in the presence of the bacterium. The pigment was identified as 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one (APO), which is a stable product. The results indicate that the bacterium interacts with the fungus preventing the usual transformation of AP to the nontoxic HPMA, resulting in the accumulation of higher amounts of APO than when the fungus is cultured alone. APO is highly toxic to F. verticillioides and other organisms. Thus, an enhanced biocontrol is suggested by this in vitro study. =580 $aEn:Journal of Chemical Ecolog

Rapid Dopaminergic Modulation of the Fish Hypothalamic Transcriptome and Proteome

Background - Dopamine (DA) is a major neurotransmitter playing an important role in the regulation of vertebrate reproduction. We developed a novel method for the comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic data obtained from in vivo experiments designed to study the neuroendocrine actions of DA. // Methods and Findings - Female goldfish were injected (i.p.) with DA agonists (D1-specific; SKF 38393, or D2-specific; LY 171555) and sacrificed after 5 h. Serum LH levels were reduced by 57% and 75% by SKF 38393 and LY 171555, respectively, indicating that the treatments produced physiologically relevant responses in vivo. Bioinformatic strategies and a ray-finned fish database were established for microarray and iTRAQ proteomic analysis of the hypothalamus, revealing a total of 3088 mRNAs and 42 proteins as being differentially regulated by the treatments. Twenty one proteins and mRNAs corresponding to these proteins appeared on both lists. Many of the mRNAs and proteins affected by the treatments were grouped into the Gene Ontology categorizations of protein complex, signal transduction, response to stimulus, and regulation of cellular processes. There was a 57% and 14% directional agreement between the differentially-regulated mRNAs and proteins for SKF 38393 and LY 171555, respectively. // Conclusions - The results demonstrate the applicability of advanced high-throughput genomic and proteomic analyses in an amendable well-studied teleost model species whose genome has yet to be sequenced. We demonstrate that DA rapidly regulates multiple hypothalamic pathways and processes that are also known to be involved in pathologies of the central nervous system

Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of WW bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at s=8\sqrt{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents measurements of the $W^+ \rightarrow \mu^+\nu$ and $W^- \rightarrow \mu^-\nu$ cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were collected in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 20.2~\mbox{fb^{-1}}. The precision of the cross-section measurements varies between 0.8% to 1.5% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the 1.9% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between them.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 5 figures, 4 tables, submitted to EPJC. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-13

Single hadron response measurement and calorimeter jet energy scale uncertainty with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

The uncertainty on the calorimeter energy response to jets of particles is derived for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). First, the calorimeter response to single isolated charged hadrons is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo simulation using proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of sqrt(s) = 900 GeV and 7 TeV collected during 2009 and 2010. Then, using the decay of K_s and Lambda particles, the calorimeter response to specific types of particles (positively and negatively charged pions, protons, and anti-protons) is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo predictions. Finally, the jet energy scale uncertainty is determined by propagating the response uncertainty for single charged and neutral particles to jets. The response uncertainty is 2-5% for central isolated hadrons and 1-3% for the final calorimeter jet energy scale.Comment: 24 pages plus author list (36 pages total), 23 figures, 1 table, submitted to European Physical Journal

Search for chargino-neutralino production with mass splittings near the electroweak scale in three-lepton final states in √s=13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for supersymmetry through the pair production of electroweakinos with mass splittings near the electroweak scale and decaying via on-shell W and Z bosons is presented for a three-lepton final state. The analyzed proton-proton collision data taken at a center-of-mass energy of √s=13  TeV were collected between 2015 and 2018 by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139  fb−1. A search, emulating the recursive jigsaw reconstruction technique with easily reproducible laboratory-frame variables, is performed. The two excesses observed in the 2015–2016 data recursive jigsaw analysis in the low-mass three-lepton phase space are reproduced. Results with the full data set are in agreement with the Standard Model expectations. They are interpreted to set exclusion limits at the 95% confidence level on simplified models of chargino-neutralino pair production for masses up to 345 GeV

Measurements of fiducial and differential cross sections for Higgs boson production in the diphoton decay channel at s√=8 TeV with ATLAS

Measurements of fiducial and differential cross sections are presented for Higgs boson production in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=8 TeV. The analysis is performed in the H → γγ decay channel using 20.3 fb−1 of data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The signal is extracted using a fit to the diphoton invariant mass spectrum assuming that the width of the resonance is much smaller than the experimental resolution. The signal yields are corrected for the effects of detector inefficiency and resolution. The pp → H → γγ fiducial cross section is measured to be 43.2 ±9.4(stat.) − 2.9 + 3.2 (syst.) ±1.2(lumi)fb for a Higgs boson of mass 125.4GeV decaying to two isolated photons that have transverse momentum greater than 35% and 25% of the diphoton invariant mass and each with absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.37. Four additional fiducial cross sections and two cross-section limits are presented in phase space regions that test the theoretical modelling of different Higgs boson production mechanisms, or are sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model. Differential cross sections are also presented, as a function of variables related to the diphoton kinematics and the jet activity produced in the Higgs boson events. The observed spectra are statistically limited but broadly in line with the theoretical expectations