Multivariate hierarchical model for physical inactivity among public school children

OBJECTIVE: To identify biological and sociodemographic factors associated with physical inactivity in public school children. METHODS: Parents of 2,519 children (49.3% of whom were girls), aged 7 to 10 years (mean = 7.6±0.9 years), from eight public schools in São Paulo, Brazil, completed a self-administered questionnaire. We used multiple correspondence analysis to identify groups of responses related to levels of physical activity and inactivity and to obtain an optimal scale. The cluster analysis identified groups of active and inactive children. The analysis of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, for the study of diagnostic properties of a simplified scale for physical inactivity derived from the optimal scale, revealed that a cutoff point of 3 had the best sensitivity and specificity, being therefore used as outcome variable in the regression model. A multivariate hierarchical model was built, including distal and proximal categorical variables, with a p < 0.05. RESULTS: Physical inactivity was positively associated with biological factors such as being overweight, being older than 7.5 years, being a female, and having a good appetite, and with socioeconomic factors such as having garbage collected less than twice a week and having mothers who work outside the home. CONCLUSION: The results are consistent with published data about determinant factors of physical activity and inactivity among children, showing that questionnaires answered by parents and submitted to a sophisticated statistical analysis can be used in population-based studies involving children younger than 10 years old.OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores biológicos e sociodemográficos atribuíveis à inatividade física em crianças de escolas públicas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas, através de questionário auto-relatado pelos pais, 2.519 crianças (49,3% meninas), de 7 a 10 anos (média = 7,6±0,9 anos), de oito escolas públicas da cidade de São Paulo. Aplicamos a análise de correspondência múltipla para identificar grupos de respostas relacionadas com padrões de atividade e inatividade física e a geração de uma escala ótima. A análise de agrupamento identificou os grupos de crianças ativas e inativas. A análise de curva ROC (receiver operator characteristic), para o estudo das propriedades diagnósticas de uma escala simplificada de inatividade física derivada da escala ótima, mostrou o ponto de corte = 3 como o de melhor sensibilidade e especificidade, sendo utilizado como a variável de resposta no modelo de regressão. Um modelo hierárquico multivariado foi construído, assumindo variáveis categóricas como distais e proximais, adotando-se p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A inatividade física foi positivamente associada aos fatores determinantes biológicos como sobrepeso, idade maior do que 7,5 anos, sexo feminino e bom apetite, e aos determinantes socioeconômicos como freqüência de coleta de lixo menor do que duas vezes por semana e mães que trabalham fora de casa. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados são coerentes com os dados publicados sobre fatores determinantes de atividade e inatividade física na infância, indicando que questionários respondidos pelos pais, submetidos a uma análise estatística sofisticada, podem ser viáveis em estudos populacionais envolvendo crianças menores de 10 anos.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaCenter for Physical Activity and Health PromotionCenters for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Nutrition and Physical ActivityUNIFESP-EPM Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de PediatriaSciEL

The Genetic Background of Metabolic Trait Clusters in Children and Adolescents

Background: It is well known that metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular diseases are correlated, but the background of this clustering in children is more poorly known than in adults. Thus, we studied the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the clustering of metabolic traits in childhood and adolescence. Data and Methods: Nine metabolic traits were measured in 214 complete twin pairs aged 3-18 years in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal, in 2007 and 2008. The variation of and covariations between the traits were decomposed into genetic and environmental components by using classical genetic twin modeling. Results: A model, including additive genetic and environmental factors unique for each twin individual, explained the variation of metabolic factors well. Under this model, the heritability estimates varied from 0.47 (systolic blood pressure in children under 12 years of age) to 0.91 (high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol in adolescents 12 years of age or older). The most systematic correlations were found between adiposity (body mass index and waist circumference) and blood lipids (HDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides), as well as blood pressure. These correlations were mainly explained by common genetic factors. Conclusions: Our results suggest that obesity, in particular, is behind the clustering of metabolic factors in children and adolescents. Both general and abdominal obesity partly share the same genetic background as blood lipids and blood pressure. Obesity prevention early in childhood is important in reducing the risk of metabolic diseases in adulthood.Peer reviewe

Resíduo líquido de laticínio como fertilizante para o capim Mombaça

The chemical or organic fertilizer can be responsible for the sustainability of pastures, with an alternative of application for the agro-industry subproducts. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dairy waste application on Mombaça grass agronomic characteristics to verify the potential supply of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Six doses of liquid dairy waste corresponding to 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 m³ ha-¹ were evaluated in four production cycles. The accumulation of dry forage, leaf blade, stem, dead material, leaf area index, number of tillers, leaf/stem and plant height were evaluated. Increasing levels resulted in the increase of the grass performance. The application of 400 m³ ha-¹ of liquid dairy waste ensures similar productions when compared to the application of P and K through chemical fertilizers, replacing 25% of the phosphorus and 100% of potassium fertilization. The liquid dairy waste can be used as a potassium supplier to Mombaça grass and have a positive residual effect on biomass accumulation.A fertilização química ou orgânica pode ser um dos fatores responsáveis pela sustentabilidade das pastagens abrindo espaço, desta forma, para o uso de subprodutos da agroindústria. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito da aplicação de resíduo de laticínio nas características agronômicas do capim Mombaça para verificar o potencial de fornecimento de fósforo (P) e potássio (K). Seis doses de resíduo líquido de laticínio correspondente a 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 e 400 m³ha-¹ foram avaliadas em quatro ciclos produtivos, determinando-se os acúmulos de massa seca de forragem, de lâminas foliares, de colmos, de material morto, o índice de área foliar, o número de perfilhos basais, a relação folha/colmo e a altura das plantas. Observou-se que o aumento das doses promoveu aumento do desempenho da gramínea. A aplicação de 400 m³ha-¹ garante produções similares àquela com adubação química de P e K, substituindo 25% da adubação fosfatada e 100% da adubação potássica. O resíduo líquido de laticínio é bom fornecedor de potássio à gramínea forrageira capim Mombaça e apresenta efeito residual positivo sobre o acúmulo de forragem

Fechamento do Balanço de Energia em uma Floresta Tropical: Contribuições da troca Turbulenta e Armazenamento de Calor Ecossistema

The surface energy balance is rarely closed using the common half-hourly averaging period for turbulent fluxes as eddies of greater characteristic time scales often provide a non-trivial contribution to energy exchange. Here, we briefly discuss previous efforts to improve surfasse energy balance closure of a tropical rainforest ecosystem – the K34 site - and describe how measurements from the GoAmazon campaign can be used to improve our understanding of energy flux and storage in tropical canopies.O balanço de energia da superfície raramente é fechado usando o período médio a cada meia hora comum para fluxos turbulentos como turbilhões de maior tempo característico escalas costumam oferecer uma contribuição não-trivial para troca de energia. Aqui, discutimos brevemente os esforços anteriores para melhorar o fechamento do balanço de energia da superfície de uma floresta tropical ecossistema tropical - o site K34 - e descrever como mediçõesda campanha GoAmazon pode ser usado para melhorar a nossa compreensão do fluxo de energia e armazenamento em copas tropicais

Eugenia uniflora

Eugenia uniflora L. is a member of the Myrtaceae family and is commonly known as Brazilian cherry tree. In this study, we evaluated the chemical composition of Eugenia uniflora L. essential oil (EuEO) by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and assessed its anti-Leishmania activity. We also explored the potential mechanisms of action and cytotoxicity of EuEO. Thirty-two compounds were identified, which constituted 92.65% of the total oil composition. The most abundant components were sesquiterpenes (91.92%), with curzerene (47.3%), γ-elemene (14.25%), and trans-β-elemenone (10.4%) being the major constituents. The bioactivity shown by EuEO against promastigotes (IC50, 3.04 μg·mL−1) and amastigotes (IC50, 1.92 μg·mL−1) suggested significant anti-Leishmania activity. In the cytotoxicity determination, EuEO was 20 times more toxic to amastigotes than to macrophages. Hemolytic activity was 63.22% at the highest concentration tested (400 μg·mL−1); however, there appeared to be no toxicity at 50 μg·mL−1. While the data show that EuEO activity is not mediated by nitric oxide production, they do suggest that macrophage activation may be involved in EuEO anti-Leishmania activity, as evidenced by increases in both the phagocytic capacity and the lysosomal activity. More studies are needed to determine in vivo activity as well as additional mechanisms of the anti-Leishmania activity

Catalogue of parasites and diseases of the common cockle Cerastoderma edule

Sem resumo disponível.publishe

Applying the Maternal Near Miss Approach for the Evaluation of Quality of Obstetric Care: A Worked Example from a Multicenter Surveillance Study

Objective. To assess quality of care of women with severe maternal morbidity and to identify associated factors. Method. This is a national multicenter cross-sectional study performing surveillance for severe maternal morbidity, using the World Health Organization criteria. the expected number of maternal deaths was calculated with the maternal severity index (MSI) based on the severity of complication, and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for each center was estimated. Analyses on the adequacy of care were performed. Results. 17 hospitals were classified as providing adequate and 10 as nonadequate care. Besides almost twofold increase in maternal mortality ratio, the main factors associated with nonadequate performance were geographic difficulty in accessing health services (P < 0.001), delays related to quality of medical care (P = 0.012), absence of blood derivatives (P = 0.013), difficulties of communication between health services (P = 0.004), and any delay during the whole process (P = 0.039). Conclusions. This is an example of how evaluation of the performance of health services is possible, using a benchmarking tool specific to Obstetrics. in this study the MSI was a useful tool for identifying differences in maternal mortality ratios and factors associated with nonadequate performance of care.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Campinas UNICAMP, Sch Med Sci, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, BR-13083881 Campinas, SP, BrazilCtr Res Reprod Hlth Campinas Cemicamp, BR-13083888 Campinas, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, BrazilSch Med Sci, CISAM, Recife, PE, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Fed Bahia, Salvador, BA, BrazilHosp Geral Cesar Cals, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilHosp Geral Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilMaternidade Odete Valadares, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilHosp Materno Infantil, Goiania, Go, BrazilInst Materno Infantil Pernambuco, Recife, PE, BrazilUniv Fed Pernambuco, Recife, PE, BrazilUniv Fed Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB, BrazilUniv Fed Maranhao, Sao Luis, MA, BrazilUniv Fed Parana, BR-80060000 Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniv Fed Paraiba, BR-58059900 Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, BrazilHosp Maternidade Fernando Magalhaes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniv Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilHosp Maternidade Celso Pierro, Campinas, SP, BrazilInst Fernandes Figueira Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilHosp Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, BrazilUniv State São Paulo, Botucatu, SP, BrazilJundiai Sch Med, Jundiai, SP, BrazilUniv São Paulo, BR-14049 Ribeirao Preto, SP, BrazilSanta Casa Limeira, Limeira, SP, BrazilSanta Casa Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, BrazilMaternidade Leonor Mendes de Barros, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilCNPq: 402702/2008-5Web of Scienc

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London