Chemical and physicochemical profiles of essential oil from Piper betel (L.) cultivated in different regions of Vietnam : Chemical and physicochemical profiles of essential oil from Piper betel (L.) cultivated in different regions of Vietnam

This study aimed to investigate the variation of essential oils from Piper betel cultivated in three different geographic regions of Vietnam (Hoc Mon, Tien Giang, and Dak Lak). The extraction of essential oil was conducted by hydro-distillation for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. GC-MS was employed for the analysis of obtained essential oil. Physicochemical parameters were determined as per standard test methods. GC-MS revealed the highest amount of chavibetol present in all three essential oils of Piper betel cultivated in three different geographic regions of Vietnam: Hoc Mon (49.077%), Tien Giang (39.982%) and Dak Lak (34.888%). In contrast to the absence of Cadinene in both Hoc Mon and Tien Giang essential oils, there was remarkably an extremely high content of Cadinene present in Dak Lak essential oil, accounting for approximately 49% of the total constituents of essential oil. α-Cadinene was recorded to be the highest quantity (19.826%), followed by γ-Cadinene (15.470%) and δ-Cadinene (13.369%). Nature variation in different geographic regions of Vietnam (Hoc Mon, Tien Giang, and Dak Lak) plays a key role in the diversification of essential oil composition in Piper betel.This study aimed to investigate the variation of essential oils from Piper betel cultivated in three different geographic regions of Vietnam (Hoc Mon, Tien Giang, and Dak Lak). The extraction of essential oil was conducted by hydro-distillation for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. GC-MS was employed for the analysis of obtained essential oil. Physicochemical parameters were determined as per standard test methods. GC-MS revealed the highest amount of chavibetol present in all three essential oils of Piper betel cultivated in three different geographic regions of Vietnam: Hoc Mon (49.077%), Tien Giang (39.982%) and Dak Lak (34.888%). In contrast to the absence of Cadinene in both Hoc Mon and Tien Giang essential oils, there was remarkably an extremely high content of Cadinene present in Dak Lak essential oil, accounting for approximately 49% of the total constituents of essential oil. α-Cadinene was recorded to be the highest quantity (19.826%), followed by γ-Cadinene (15.470%) and δ-Cadinene (13.369%). Nature variation in different geographic regions of Vietnam (Hoc Mon, Tien Giang, and Dak Lak) plays a key role in the diversification of essential oil composition in Piper betel

Fertilizing and protective potential of castor oil cake on soil and morphological parameters of eggplant (Solanuma melongena)

Vegetable crops are the backbone of agriculture. However, low soil fertility, pest spreading, high cost of chemical fertilizers and effects of pesticides have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the action of castor oil cake doses on soil properties, rooty nematodes and eggplant parameters. The experiment was conducted on a Fisher block design (4x5). The treatments applied included the negative control, Triple 15 and different doses of castor oil cake (1; 1.9 and 2.8 t/ha). The incorporation of the oil cake changed the texture from clayey-sandy to loamy-sandy. The soil pH changed from 3.9 to 4.6. The saturation rate, the sum of exchangeable bases and the cation exchange capacity also increased by 30 to 41% respectively; 0.94 to 1.36% and 3.1 to 3.29%. Nitrogen content increased from 0.048 to 0.084%, phosphorus and potassium contents did not change. Organic matter rate increased from 0.84 to 2.92%. Analysis of variance showed a significant effect (p < 0.05). Plant mortality rates due to nematode were 25.25% for the negative control, 19.12% for the positive control (triple 15), 13% for D1 (1 t/ha of castor cake) and 0.00% for D2 (1.9 t/ha of castor cake) and D3 (2.8 t/ha of castor cake). Yields varied (from 3.58 to 6.80 t/ha) depending on the treatments.Vegetable crops are the backbone of agriculture. However, low soil fertility, pest spreading, high cost of chemical fertilizers and effects of pesticides have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the action of castor oil cake doses on soil properties, rooty nematodes and eggplant parameters. The experiment was conducted on a Fisher block design (4x5). The treatments applied included the negative control, Triple 15 and different doses of castor oil cake (1; 1.9 and 2.8 t/ha). The incorporation of the oil cake changed the texture from clayey-sandy to loamy-sandy. The soil pH changed from 3.9 to 4.6. The saturation rate, the sum of exchangeable bases and the cation exchange capacity also increased by 30 to 41% respectively; 0.94 to 1.36% and 3.1 to 3.29%. Nitrogen content increased from 0.048 to 0.084%, phosphorus and potassium contents did not change. Organic matter rate increased from 0.84 to 2.92%. Analysis of variance showed a significant effect (p < 0.05). Plant mortality rates due to nematode were 25.25% for the negative control, 19.12% for the positive control (triple 15), 13% for D1 (1 t/ha of castor cake) and 0.00% for D2 (1.9 t/ha of castor cake) and D3 (2.8 t/ha of castor cake). Yields varied (from 3.58 to 6.80 t/ha) depending on the treatments

Vegetative growth and fruit quality of 'Tahiti' acid lime grafted onto different rootstocks

The production of 'Tahiti' acid lime in Brazil is currently limited to the northeastern and southeastern regions and research is required to identify compatible rootstocks in order to potentiate other producing areas and to meet the needs of the consumer and industrial markets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics during vegetative growth and the physicochemical attributes and quality of fruit produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF-02' acid lime grafted onto the twelve rootstocks ‘Cravo LCRSC’ and ‘LCR-03’ lime, citrandarins ‘CTRI’ and ‘CTRSD’, citrumelo ‘CTSW’, ‘Pear HTR-069’ orange, ‘Volkamer LVK×LCR- 038’ lemon, and ‘Sunki TSKC×CTSW-028', ‘TSKC×CTSW-041', ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059', ‘TSKC×TRFD-003' and ‘TSKT’ tangerine. The randomized experimental design included 12 treatments with four repetitions and five plants per plot. The characteristics of the grafted plants were evaluated during vegetative growth at 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 years of age, while fruit quality was assessed at maturity. All tested rootstocks were compatible with the scion 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime cultivated under the climate and soil conditions in the north of Mato Grosso state. The rootstocks ‘LCR-003', ‘CTRI’, ‘CTRSD’, ‘CTSW’ and ‘TSKC×CTSW-028' induced the greatest vertical growth, trunk diameter, crown volume and vigor in the grafted plants. The physicochemical characteristics and quality of the fruit produced by grafted plants of 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime met market expectations, except for the parameter total titratable acidity. The fruits produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime grafted onto ‘CTRSD’, ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059’, ‘LCR-003’, ‘TSKC×CTSW-041’, ‘TSKC×TRFD-003’, ‘LVK×LCR-038’ and ‘CTRI’ were the largest in terms of length and mass.The production of 'Tahiti' acid lime in Brazil is currently limited to the northeastern and southeastern regions and research is required to identify compatible rootstocks in order to potentiate other producing areas and to meet the needs of the consumer and industrial markets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics during vegetative growth and the physicochemical attributes and quality of fruit produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF-02' acid lime grafted onto the twelve rootstocks ‘Cravo LCRSC’ and ‘LCR-03’ lime, citrandarins ‘CTRI’ and ‘CTRSD’, citrumelo ‘CTSW’, ‘Pear HTR-069’ orange, ‘Volkamer LVK×LCR- 038’ lemon, and ‘Sunki TSKC×CTSW-028', ‘TSKC×CTSW-041', ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059', ‘TSKC×TRFD-003' and ‘TSKT’ tangerine. The randomized experimental design included 12 treatments with four repetitions and five plants per plot. The characteristics of the grafted plants were evaluated during vegetative growth at 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 years of age, while fruit quality was assessed at maturity. All tested rootstocks were compatible with the scion 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime cultivated under the climate and soil conditions in the north of Mato Grosso state. The rootstocks ‘LCR-003', ‘CTRI’, ‘CTRSD’, ‘CTSW’ and ‘TSKC×CTSW-028' induced the greatest vertical growth, trunk diameter, crown volume and vigor in the grafted plants. The physicochemical characteristics and quality of the fruit produced by grafted plants of 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime met market expectations, except for the parameter total titratable acidity. The fruits produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime grafted onto ‘CTRSD’, ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059’, ‘LCR-003’, ‘TSKC×CTSW-041’, ‘TSKC×TRFD-003’, ‘LVK×LCR-038’ and ‘CTRI’ were the largest in terms of length and mass

Growth components and gas exchange in Tecoma stans L. plants under water stress

The reduction in water availability has significant effects on plant physiology and morphology, leading to changes in metabolism that impair the plant establishment in the field. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water stress on morphophysiological traits of Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth seedlings. The experimental design was conducted in a completely randomized design, with four irrigation intervals: daily irrigation (control), and irrigation intervals of 5, 10, and 15 days. Plant height and leaf number were measured weekly after the 15th day after transplanting and the root length, dry matter, and biomass allocation in different plant organs were determined after 60 days. Gas exchange measurements were also assessed. Tecoma stans showed significant response to water stress due to the extended irrigation intervals, showing a significant reduction in plant height, leaf number, dry matter (stem, leaves, roots, and total dry matter). Photosynthetic rates ranged from 1.8 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ under the longest irrigation interval to 13.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in plants irrigated daily, with transpiration rates following a similar behavior. The highest gas exchange rates were observed under daily irrigation. The most significant negative effects on photosynthesis, transpiration, and particularly stomatal conductance were observed in plants irrigated under intervals of 10 and 15 days.The reduction in water availability has significant effects on plant physiology and morphology, leading to changes in metabolism that impair the plant establishment in the field. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water stress on morphophysiological traits of Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth seedlings. The experimental design was conducted in a completely randomized design, with four irrigation intervals: daily irrigation (control), and irrigation intervals of 5, 10, and 15 days. Plant height and leaf number were measured weekly after the 15th day after transplanting and the root length, dry matter, and biomass allocation in different plant organs were determined after 60 days. Gas exchange measurements were also assessed. Tecoma stans showed significant response to water stress due to the extended irrigation intervals, showing a significant reduction in plant height, leaf number, dry matter (stem, leaves, roots, and total dry matter). Photosynthetic rates ranged from 1.8 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ under the longest irrigation interval to 13.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in plants irrigated daily, with transpiration rates following a similar behavior. The highest gas exchange rates were observed under daily irrigation. The most significant negative effects on photosynthesis, transpiration, and particularly stomatal conductance were observed in plants irrigated under intervals of 10 and 15 days

Growth and yield of yellow passion fruit under hydrogel and vegetal mulching doses

The yellow passion fruit is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops in Brazil, with the Northeast region being particularly prominent. Despite being the largest national producer, water scarcity remains the primary limiting factor for expanding this crop in Brazilian semi-arid regions. Given this challenge, there is a need for soil management techniques that enhance water use efficiency by plants. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and production components of yellow passion fruit in soil treated with hydrogel and mulching from crop residues. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five hydrogel doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g dm⁻³ of soil) in soil with and without mulching derived from Brachiaria plant residues. The analyzed variables included plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and leaves, number of fruits, yield per plant, average fruit mass, and yield. Yellow passion fruit growth was enhanced with a hydrogel dose of 1.1 g dm⁻³, and yield improved with doses ranging from 0.65 to 2.0 g dm⁻³ in the second harvest. Soil with mulching from Brachiaria plant residues increased the yield of yellow passion fruit, particularly in the second harvest.The yellow passion fruit is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops in Brazil, with the Northeast region being particularly prominent. Despite being the largest national producer, water scarcity remains the primary limiting factor for expanding this crop in Brazilian semi-arid regions. Given this challenge, there is a need for soil management techniques that enhance water use efficiency by plants. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and production components of yellow passion fruit in soil treated with hydrogel and mulching from crop residues. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five hydrogel doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g dm⁻³ of soil) in soil with and without mulching derived from Brachiaria plant residues. The analyzed variables included plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and leaves, number of fruits, yield per plant, average fruit mass, and yield. Yellow passion fruit growth was enhanced with a hydrogel dose of 1.1 g dm⁻³, and yield improved with doses ranging from 0.65 to 2.0 g dm⁻³ in the second harvest. Soil with mulching from Brachiaria plant residues increased the yield of yellow passion fruit, particularly in the second harvest

Winter pruning timing, development and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon in Southern Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of winter pruning timing on phenology, productivity, and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines in 2022/2023 production cycle. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 3 replications, each experimental unit consisted of 5 plants. The treatments involved four pruning timings (end of May, June, July and August). Phenology assessments were beginning and end of bud break, flowering, maturation and percentage of bud break. Production was evaluated by the number of clusters per plant, weight and size of clusters, productivity per plant and per hectare. The analyzes of must were pH, total acidity and soluble solids (°Brix). In wine, pH, total acidity, sugars, alcohol, volatile acidity and color were analyzed. In the end a wine sensory analysis was carried out. The results showed that the bud break of plants pruned early, in May, occurred at the same time as plants pruned in June and July. Early pruning resulted in lower productivity. The grape must from plants pruned late, in August, showed higher total acidity and lower values ​​of soluble solids and sugars. Early pruning did not change the duration of the cultivar's phenological subperiods, nor did it bring forward the harvest in relation to the control. The different pruning times influenced productivity more than the composition of grapes and wines, indicating that it is possible to extend the pruning period.The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of winter pruning timing on phenology, productivity, and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines in 2022/2023 production cycle. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 3 replications, each experimental unit consisted of 5 plants. The treatments involved four pruning timings (end of May, June, July and August). Phenology assessments were beginning and end of bud break, flowering, maturation and percentage of bud break. Production was evaluated by the number of clusters per plant, weight and size of clusters, productivity per plant and per hectare. The analyzes of must were pH, total acidity and soluble solids (°Brix). In wine, pH, total acidity, sugars, alcohol, volatile acidity and color were analyzed. In the end a wine sensory analysis was carried out. The results showed that the bud break of plants pruned early, in May, occurred at the same time as plants pruned in June and July. Early pruning resulted in lower productivity. The grape must from plants pruned late, in August, showed higher total acidity and lower values ​​of soluble solids and sugars. Early pruning did not change the duration of the cultivar's phenological subperiods, nor did it bring forward the harvest in relation to the control. The different pruning times influenced productivity more than the composition of grapes and wines, indicating that it is possible to extend the pruning period

Phenology and fruit quality of Surinam cherry trees in orchards: training system and seedling growth environment

Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a fruit tree species native to Brazil that produces fruits with potential forfood, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there is no technical information for growing Surinamcherry in orchards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenology and fruit quality of Surinam cherrytrees grown from minicuttings, based on effects of shading during seedling formation and orchard trainingsystems. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), from 2018 to2021. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, in a 5×3 factorial arrangement,consisted of light intensities during seedling formation and orchard training systems, with varying experimentalunits according to the analyses. Surinam cherry trees showed differences in the beginning and range of floweringand fruit maturation according to the shading environment used for seedling formation and the orchard trainingsystem. The fruit quality of Surinam cherry trees grown from minicuttings was not affected by the analyzedfactors.Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a fruit tree species native to Brazil that produces fruits with potential forfood, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there is no technical information for growing Surinamcherry in orchards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenology and fruit quality of Surinam cherrytrees grown from minicuttings, based on effects of shading during seedling formation and orchard trainingsystems. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), from 2018 to2021. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, in a 5×3 factorial arrangement,consisted of light intensities during seedling formation and orchard training systems, with varying experimentalunits according to the analyses. Surinam cherry trees showed differences in the beginning and range of floweringand fruit maturation according to the shading environment used for seedling formation and the orchard trainingsystem. The fruit quality of Surinam cherry trees grown from minicuttings was not affected by the analyzedfactors.

Weed interference on organic carrot yield under different sowing methods

Weed cause serious problems to vegetable cultivation, justifying the importance of studies on the interference of these plants in agricultural crops and management techniques in the context of organic production. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the interference of weed on the yield of carrot grown under different sowing methods. The study was conducted at the Seridó Ecological Station in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Control and coexistence experiments with weeds were set up in a split-plot design (5 x 2), with the plot corresponding to the coexistence or control periods: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days after sowing, and the subplots corresponding to the sowing methods: direct seeding and water conditioning. Cultivation followed the recommendations for carrot and for the organic system. The harvest and evaluations were performed after 80 days by evaluating the biometric variables, the carrot yield, and the weed mass. The statistical analysis consisted of the test of assumptions followed by analysis of variance. Non-linear regression was used for the yield parameters by determining the interference periods. In contrast, linear regression was used for the other variables. Carrot coexistence with weeds reduced the conventional commercial yield by 75.73% and the organic commercial yield by 57.07%. Organic carrot cultivation should occur free of weed from 21 to 28 days. Water conditioning increased the organic carrot yield.Weed cause serious problems to vegetable cultivation, justifying the importance of studies on the interference of these plants in agricultural crops and management techniques in the context of organic production. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the interference of weed on the yield of carrot grown under different sowing methods. The study was conducted at the Seridó Ecological Station in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Control and coexistence experiments with weeds were set up in a split-plot design (5 x 2), with the plot corresponding to the coexistence or control periods: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days after sowing, and the subplots corresponding to the sowing methods: direct seeding and water conditioning. Cultivation followed the recommendations for carrot and for the organic system. The harvest and evaluations were performed after 80 days by evaluating the biometric variables, the carrot yield, and the weed mass. The statistical analysis consisted of the test of assumptions followed by analysis of variance. Non-linear regression was used for the yield parameters by determining the interference periods. In contrast, linear regression was used for the other variables. Carrot coexistence with weeds reduced the conventional commercial yield by 75.73% and the organic commercial yield by 57.07%. Organic carrot cultivation should occur free of weed from 21 to 28 days. Water conditioning increased the organic carrot yield

Analysis of growth, nutrient uptake and production of three virus-free garlic cultivars

Garlic cultivars in southern Brazil are virus-free, however, the rate of nutrient absorption and plant growth is unknown. The objective of this work was to determine the growth curve, production and nutrient uptake of three virus-free garlic cultivars. The experiment was conducted in Fraiburgo, SC state, in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The treatments were arranjed in a factorial 3 x 10 scheme with parcel subdivided in time. The three cultivars (Ito, Caçador and Quitéria) were distributed in the parcels and ten collects (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126 and 140 days after planting) were the subparcel. The plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and extraction of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Cu were determined. The three cultivars present differences in their growth curve and accumulation of nutrients. Nutrient extraction and dry mass accumulation are highly intensified after the plants differentiation into cloves. The maximum accumulation of all nutrients and the bulbs and total dry mass of plants occur at harvest. The nutrients absorption follows the sequence: K>N>Ca>P>Mg>Fe>Zn>Cu.Garlic cultivars in southern Brazil are virus-free, however, the rate of nutrient absorption and plant growth is unknown. The objective of this work was to determine the growth curve, production and nutrient uptake of three virus-free garlic cultivars. The experiment was conducted in Fraiburgo, SC state, in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The treatments were arranjed in a factorial 3 x 10 scheme with parcel subdivided in time. The three cultivars (Ito, Caçador and Quitéria) were distributed in the parcels and ten collects (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126 and 140 days after planting) were the subparcel. The plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and extraction of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Cu were determined. The three cultivars present differences in their growth curve and accumulation of nutrients. Nutrient extraction and dry mass accumulation are highly intensified after the plants differentiation into cloves. The maximum accumulation of all nutrients and the bulbs and total dry mass of plants occur at harvest. The nutrients absorption follows the sequence: K>N>Ca>P>Mg>Fe>Zn>Cu

Development and maturation of cape gooseberry fruits

The cultivation of Physalis peruviana L. is an economic alternative, particularly for small farmers. However, there is a lack of available information on its cultivation under Brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the development and maturation of the fruits of P. peruviana according to the moment of flowering of the plant and the age of the fruit, in Piracicaba, São Paulo. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, and the treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design, the first factor consisting of two moments of flowering of plants, 55 and 105 days after transplantation (DAT) and the second, represented by the age of the fruits, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days after anthesis (DAA). The physicochemical characteristics of 15 fruits from each repetition were evaluated immediately after harvesting. The necessary thermal accumulation from anthesis to the physiological maturity of the fruit is variable between the moments of flowering of the plant. Fruits harvested at 75 DAA, originating from the first moment of flowering (55 DAT), and at 60 DAA, originating from flowers issued at 105 DAT, present parameters (mass, size, color, and flavor) that characterize physiological maturity and have a quality standard that makes them suitable for marketing.The cultivation of Physalis peruviana L. is an economic alternative, particularly for small farmers. However, there is a lack of available information on its cultivation under Brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the development and maturation of the fruits of P. peruviana according to the moment of flowering of the plant and the age of the fruit, in Piracicaba, São Paulo. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, and the treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design, the first factor consisting of two moments of flowering of plants, 55 and 105 days after transplantation (DAT) and the second, represented by the age of the fruits, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days after anthesis (DAA). The physicochemical characteristics of 15 fruits from each repetition were evaluated immediately after harvesting. The necessary thermal accumulation from anthesis to the physiological maturity of the fruit is variable between the moments of flowering of the plant. Fruits harvested at 75 DAA, originating from the first moment of flowering (55 DAT), and at 60 DAA, originating from flowers issued at 105 DAT, present parameters (mass, size, color, and flavor) that characterize physiological maturity and have a quality standard that makes them suitable for marketing