Facile synthesis and characterization of some new 5-arylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones and their antimicrobial evaluation

A series of novel 5-arylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives have been synthesized by the Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes and N-substituted thiazolidinedione-2,4-diones. Use of KAl(SO4)2•12(H2O) i.e. Alum for the reaction makes this synthesis facile because of several advantageous factors viz. non-toxicity, efficient catalytic ability and cheap cost of alum. Substitution of arylidene moiety at the position 5 on the thiazolidine-2,4-diones nucleus has occured using this facile approach. Synthesized derivatives have been characterized using various analytical tools and antimicrobial evaluation thereof has been performed against Gram-positive, Gram negative bacteria and a fungal strain. All synthesized compounds show moderate to very good activity against the microorganisms that they have been tested against

Facile synthesis and characterization of some new 5-arylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones and their antimicrobial evaluation

710-715A series of novel 5-arylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives have been synthesized by the Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes and N-substituted thiazolidinedione-2,4-diones. Use of KAl(SO4)2•12(H2O) i.e. Alum for the reaction makes this synthesis facile because of several advantageous factors viz. non-toxicity, efficient catalytic ability and cheap cost of alum. Substitution of arylidene moiety at the position 5 on the thiazolidine-2,4-diones nucleus has occured using this facile approach. Synthesized derivatives have been characterized using various analytical tools and antimicrobial evaluation thereof has been performed against Gram-positive, Gram negative bacteria and a fungal strain. All synthesized compounds show moderate to very good activity against the microorganisms that they have been tested against

Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1.18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1.08-1.29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8.50 million (7.45-9.73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000-279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1.15 million (1.01-1.32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000-425 000) more deaths and 1.01 million (0.82-1.23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820-11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300-100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1.5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4.27 (3.69-5.02), 6.17 (5.48-7.02), and 1.17 (1.07-1.28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2.23 (2.03-2.44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1.06 (1.05-1.08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestone

Studies on equilibrium and kinetics of ACRY Red 4G removal from aqueous solutions using low cost adsorbents

425-429Applications of low cost adsorbents have been investigated as a replacement for the current expensive methods of reducing COD and colours from dyes/intermediate industrial wastewaters. Presently, PAC (powdered activated charcoal) is widely used in the industries. However, it is costly. Hence, other options have been explored which are low in cost. Effective adsorbents have been developed from bagasse fly ash, thermal fly ash, rice husk, jute thread and sawdust and successfully employed for the removal of dye, ACRY red 4G from aqueous solutions. Factors influencing the adsorption process, e.g., pH, contact time, adsorbent doses and adsorbent particle size are investigated. The experimental data fits well to the second-order kinetic model, which indicates that the chemical sorption is the rate-limiting step. A continuous method for removal of ACRY red 4G from industrial wastewater without prior treatment using all solid adsorbents such as bagasse fly ash, thermal fly ash, rice husk, jute thread and sawdust has also been proposed. An important aspect of the proposed method is that the removal is performed at a pH range in which the dye ACRY red 4G undergo an adsorption process, making the method useful for wastewater treatment

Synthesis of novel aliphatic thiourea derivatives containing s-triazine moiety as potential antimicrobial agents

1169-1173A new series of aliphatic thiourea and various aryl urea incorporating 1,3,5-s-triazine moiety is reported. This series has been obtained by the reaction of cyanuric chloride with thiophene-2-ethyl thiourea 1. Thus, the prepared 2-(thiophene-2-ethyl thioureido)-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine 2 has been subsequently treated with morpholine to get 2-(thiophene-2-ethyl thioureido)-4-(morpholino)-6-chloro-s-triazine 3. This is further treated with various aryl ureas to afford title compound 4a-j. The library of ureido linkage containing triazinyl moiety has been tested for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against different microorganisms. The structure of novel synthesized compounds has been established on the basis of elemental analysis, 1H NMR, IR and mass spectral data

Synthesis and evaluation of novel 4-substituted styryl quinazolines as potential antimicrobial agents

In an attempt to afford possible antibacterial and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agents, a series of 22 novel styryl quinazoline-based heterocyclic entities were designed and synthesized. Various substituted aryl urea and thiourea cores were incorporated at position 4 of quinazoline, followed by styrylation of position 2, aiming at an augmented biological potential. The synthesized compounds were well characterized through IR, (1) H NMR, (13) C NMR and elemental analyses. All compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-HIV activity against the HIV-1 (IIIB) and HIV-2 (ROD) strains. The antibacterial activity was also evaluated against various pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.status: publishe

Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation