18,860 research outputs found
A Hot Microflare Observed With RHESSI and Hinode
RHESSI and Hinode observations of a GOES B-class flare are combined to
investigate the origin of 15 MK plasma. The absence of any detectable hard
X-ray emission coupled with weak blueshifted emission lines (indicating upward
velocities averaging only 14 km/s) suggests that this was a result of direct
heating in the corona, as opposed to nonthermal electron precipitation causing
chromospheric evaporation. These findings are in agreement with a recent
hydrodynamical simulation of microflare plasmas which found that higher
temperatures can be attained when less energy is used to accelerate electrons
out of the thermal distribution. In addition, unusual redshifts in the 2 MK Fe
XV line (indicating downward velocities of 14 km/s) were observed cospatial
with one of the flare ribbons during the event. Downflows of such high
temperature plasma are not predicted by any common flare model.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, ApJL (Accepted
Effectiveness of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in children under 10 years of age in Senegal: a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial
This study was done to determine the effectiveness of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in Senegalese children up to 10 years of age using a stepped-wedge design. Outcomes included mortality, malaria cases treated as outpatients, severe malaria, and the prevalence of parasitaemia and anaemia, and adverse drug reactions. 54 health posts were randomized. 9 started implementation of SMC in 2008, 18 in 2009, and a further 18 in 2010, with 9
remaining as controls. In the first year of implementation SMC was delivered to children aged 3-59 months, the age range was then extended for the latter two years of the study to include children up to 10 years of age
The role of dimerisation in the cellular trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors
The concept that G-protein-coupled receptors can exist as homomeric and/or heteromeric complexes is now well established. Despite this, how dynamic such interactions are and if this may be modulated during receptor trafficking remain topics of debate. Use of endoplasmic reticulum trapping strategies and the generation of asymmetric homomers have started to provide information on the contribution of proteinâprotein interactions to receptor maturation, cell surface delivery and ligand-mediated endocytosis. Although dimer/oligomer formation appears to be essential for cell surface delivery of class A and class C GPCRs, this may not be the case for class B receptors
Property Rights and the Duty to Extend Human Life
Peer reviewedPreprin
The Forgotten Right "to Be Secure"
Surveillance methods in the United States operate under the general principle that âuse precedes regulation.â While the general principle of âuse precedes regulationâ is widely understood, its societal costs have yet to be fully realized. In the period between âinitial useâ and âregulation,â government actors can utilize harmful investigative techniques with relative impunity. Assuming a given technique is ultimately subjected to regulation, its preregulation uses are practically exempted from any such regulation due to qualified immunity (for the actor and municipality) and the exclusionary ruleâs good faith exception (for any resulting evidence). This expectation of impunity invites strategic government actors to make frequent and arbitrary uses of harmful investigative techniques during preregulation periods. Regulatory delays tend to run long (often a decade or more) and are attributable in no small part to the stalling methods of law enforcement (through assertions of privilege, deceptive funding requests, and strategic sequencing of criminal investigations). While the societal costs of regulatory delay are high, rising, and difficult to control, the conventional efforts to shorten regulatory delays (through expedited legislation and broader rules of Article III standing) have proved ineffective. This Article introduces an alternative method to control the costs of regulatory delay: locating rights to be âprotectedâ and âfree from fearâ in the âto be secureâ text of the Fourth Amendment. Courts and most commentators interpret the Fourth Amendment to safeguard a mere right to be âsparedâ unreasonable searches and seizures. A study of the âto be secureâ text, however, suggests that the Amendment can be read more broadly: to guarantee a right to be âprotectedâ against unreasonable searches and seizures, and possibly a right to be âfree from fearâ against such government action. Support for these broad readings of âto be secureâ is found in the original meaning of âsecure,â the Amendmentâs structure, and founding-era discourse regarding searches and seizures. The rights to be âprotectedâ and âfree from fearâ can be adequately safeguarded by a judicially-created rule against government âadoptionâ of an investigative method that constitutes an unregulated and unreasonable search or seizure. The upshot of this Fourth Amendment rule against âadoptionâ is earlier standing to challenge the constitutionality of concealed investigative techniques. Earlier access to courts invites earlier j
Three strong women : from care to university
Poor educational 'outcomes' of looked after children have been a matter of increasing concern. This article explores some of the factors that might make for educational success by looking at the experiences of three young women who have been in care in Scotland and who have since progressed to university. By exploring these three stories, it is hoped that practitioners and researchers will gain a helpful insight into the crucial factors for them as individuals
G protein-coupled receptors not currently in the spotlight: free fatty acid receptor 2 and GPR35
It is widely appreciated that G protein-coupled receptors have been the most successfully exploited class of targets for the development of small molecule medicines. Despite this, to date, less than 15% of the non-olfactory G protein-coupled receptors in the human genome are the targets of a clinically used medicine. In many cases this is likely to reflect a lack of understanding of the basic underpinning biology of many G protein-coupled receptors that are not currently in the spotlight, as well as a paucity of pharmacological tool compounds and appropriate animal models to test in vivo function of such G protein-coupled receptors in both normal physiology and in the context of disease. âOpen Innovationâ arrangements, in which pharmaceutical companies and public-private partnerships provide wider access to tool compounds identified from ligand screening programmes, alongside enhanced medicinal chemistry support to convert such screening âhitsâ into useful âtoolâ compounds will provide important routes to improved understanding. However, in parallel, novel approaches to define and fully appreciate the selectivity and mode of action of such tool compounds, as well as better understanding of potential species orthologue variability in the pharmacology and/or signalling profile of a wide range of currently poorly understood and understudied G protein-coupled receptors, will be vital to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of this large target class. I consider these themes using as exemplars the G protein-coupled receptors Free Fatty Acid receptor 2 and GPR35
The Portrayal of Powerful Women in the Media
The purpose of this research is to investigate the portrayal of powerful women in the media and to gain a perspective of different ways the media tend to elaborate and focus on gender issues to a greater extent than the general public may think. I intend to demonstrate that powerful women are often portrayed unfairly in the media and that this could affect the progress they make in their careers. I hypothesize that although women are making strides in the right direction, the often negative portrayal of powerful women in the media can be unwarranted and lead to the unfair perception of women in powerful positions. First, I address background information that includes the progress professional and influential women have made in corporate America. I then discuss how many of these advancements, although they are a start, are not as substantial as they should be in the twenty-first century. Next, I investigate the possibility that the media might hinder womenâs abilities to move up into positions of power due the influence that the media have on our perceptions and behaviors. To demonstrate that the media do in fact focus on gender issues when portraying powerful women, I investigated how the media portrayed three specific women in power. I chose to examine media portrayals of Carly Fiorina, former CEO of Hewlett-Packard, Katie Couric, anchor of CBS Evening News, and Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. By concentrating not only on women in corporate America, but also on a woman in the world of journalism, and one in the political world, I was able to gain a perspective on whether unfair media portrayals of women in corporations are parallel in their portrayals of influential women in general
- âŠ