Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor and Its Various Applications

The process of sensing can also be done with the help of optical fiber. This method of sensing is becoming very popular. The optical communication, which is the main communication technology, in this case, takes light as the carrier and optical fiber as the communication medium. Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors (DOFS) can be used for continuous measurement at the same time to obtain the spatial distribution of the measured state and time-varying information. This paper describes the background of DOFS technology. Various applications of DOFS are also listed

Information Communication & Computation Technology (ICCT) as a Strategic Tool for Industry Sectors

Information Communication and Computation Technology (ICCT) and Nanotechnology (NT) are recently identified Universal technologies of the 21st century and are expected to substantially contribute to the development of the society by solving the basic needs, advanced wants, and dreamy desires of human beings. In this paper, the possibilities of using ICCT and its underlying ten most important emerging technologies like Artificial intelligence, Big data & business analytics, Cloud computing, Digital marketing, 3D printing, Internet of Things, Online ubiquitous education, Optical computing, Storage technology, and Virtual & Augmented Reality are explored. The emerging trends of applications of the above underlying technologies of ICCT in the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industry sectors of the society are discussed, analysed, and predicted using a newly developed predictive analysis model. The advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages of such technologies to fulfill the desires of human beings to lead luxurious and comfort lifestyle from various stakeholders point of views are identified and discussed. The paper also focuses on the potential applications of ICCT as a strategic tool for survival, sustainability, differentiation, and development of various primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary industries

Impact of COVID-19 on Redefining the Services of Educational Institutions using Ubiquitous Technology

The COVID-19 affected each and every industry sector around the world. Most of the educational institutions of India as well as the world got affected very badly. It has forced worldwide lockdown and created an atrocious effect on student life. The COVID-19 affected all the sectors in (T) the whole world, especially the education system around the world. In India, approximately 32 crore students stopped going to schools and colleges, and other training activities did not happen properly due to COVID-19. The outbreak of COVID-19 and associated impact on student movement has advised us that change is inevitable in the education system. It has given a challenge and an opportunity to all the educational institutions to find a solution by determining suitable platforms and techniques for effective implementation of quality educational services, which has not been used before. Accordingly, the education sector has been fighting to continue its existence with a different approach by digitizing the challenges to wash the threat of the sickness. This paper also highlights some measures taken by Govt. of India to provide unified education in the country. Both the positive and negative impacts of COVID-19 are discussed and some productive suggestions are specified to bring out the educational activities back to normal during this bad situation. In this situation, every institution has adopted an online education model using information communication and computation technology (ICCT) due to COVID-19. This analysis is about how these technologies can help institutions continue online education and to know the student’s capability to take-up online education. The major discussion is to know whether an institution can continue online education for students in future days or not

A Review on Impact of Information Communication & Computation Technology (ICCT) on Selected Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Industrial Sectors

The impact of Information communication and computation technology (ICCT)is increasing day by day among different communities throughout the world for obtaining information related to many issues, problems, and their solutions. The growth of ICCT has revolutionized in many sectors of the society and contributing to solve problems related to basic needs, advanced wants, and anticipated desires of the people. Information communication and computation technology has great essence and impact on every business & society.This study made an attempt to determine the effect of ICCT on various industrial sectors including primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. In this paper, we have identified ICCT as a most important general-purpose technology due to its abilities to solve fundamental need-based problems and advanced wants and desires-based problems of society. The paper also discusses the impact of ICCT on conceptual and predictive developments on some industrial sectors like Agriculture, Textile, Education, and Banking. Thisreview provides documentation to guide future research and facilitate knowledge growth and creation relating to the impacts of ICCT on various business sectors. A major finding of this review based on analysis is that ICCT is valuable to the overall growth of an industry, but the level and scopes are in need of internal and external influence, including corresponding organizational resources of the firm and its transaction partners, as well as the competitive and macro environment

Review on Global Implications of Goods and Service Tax and its Indian Scenario

Goods and Service tax is tax regime adopted by 160 countries over the globe in order to evade cascading of tax in the economy. India introduced GST in the year 2017 whereas many other countries implemented GST many years before in their tax system. France was the primary country to adopt this single tax system in 1954 and followed by Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea. GST is one of the top initiatives taken by most of the countries for a structured and developed economy. A value-added tax levied on mainly goods and services provided or sold for domestic or household consumption is called Goods and Service Tax. GST provides revenue or income for the government in the growth procedure of the economy. The section of GST which is accumulated or collected from the consumers by the business or seller of the goods forwarded to the government. In some countries, Goods and Service Tax is also acknowledged as Value Added Tax. This review paper focused on the implications of GST on different countries economy and its collision on the society. Many scholars have researched on this topic before and after the implementation in India. The paper throws light on the various aspects of GST, and how it affects different industrial sectors in the economy. The paper also analyses how various researchers have interpreted their study about GST, its future implications, and impacts in their countries with special emphasis on India

Investigation of Business Strategies in Higher Education Service Model of Selected Private Universities in India

Many Countries in the globe have adopted private University system as a part of their higher education offering strategy. India, being second in the number of private universities in the World, has given exactly 50 % shares to privately governed Universities (Private & Deemed to be universities together) and remaining 50% are Govt. Funded universities (Central & State Govt. together). Presently in India, there are 264 private universities spread over 22 states. Due to non-availability of any financial support from the state and central governments, private universities are trying to sustain through their only strategy of service differentiation through 21st century curriculum and industry integrated programme design. In this paper, we have studied the business strategies of some of the private universities in India which include Admission Strategies, Growth strategies, Innovative strategies, Research Strategies, Collaboration Strategies, Placement Strategies, and Technology adoption strategies to add competitive values to services provided to the stakeholders The paper also suggests some recommendations based on the observations and intuition to contribute to the business strategies to improve the performance and brand image of private universities

Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel promotes three-dimensional liver cell culture

Over the recent years, various materials have been introduced as potential 3D cell culture scaffolds. These include protein extracts, peptide amphiphiles, and synthetic polymers. Hydrogel scaffolds without human or animal borne components or added bioactive components are preferred from the immunological point of view. Here we demonstrate that native nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) hydrogels derived from the abundant plant sources provide the desired functionalities. We show 1) rheological properties that allow formation of a 3D scaffold in-situ after facile injection, 2) cellular biocompatibility without added growth factors, 3) cellular polarization, and 4) differentiation of human hepatic cell lines HepaRG and HepG2. At high shear stress, the aqueous NFC has small viscosity that supports injectability, whereas at low shear stress conditions the material is converted to an elastic gel. Due to the inherent biocompatibility without any additives, we conclude that NFC generates a feasible and sustained microenvironment for 3D cell culture for potential applications, such as drug and chemical testing, tissue engineering, and cell therapy.Peer reviewe

Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery

Drug delivery to the posterior eye segment is an important challenge in ophthalmology, because many diseases affect the retina and choroid leading to impaired vision or blindness. Currently, intravitreal injections are the method of choice to administer drugs to the retina, but this approach is applicable only in selected cases (e.g. anti-VEGF antibodies and soluble receptors). There are two basic approaches that can be adopted to improve retinal drug delivery: prolonged and/or retina targeted delivery of intravitreal drugs and use of other routes of drug administration, such as periocular, suprachoroidal, sub-retinal, systemic, or topical. Properties of the administration route, drug and delivery system determine the efficacy and safety of these approaches. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors determine the required dosing rates and doses that are needed for drug action. In addition, tolerability factors limit the use of many materials in ocular drug delivery. This review article provides a critical discussion of retinal drug delivery, particularly from the pharmacokinetic point of view. This article does not include an extensive review of drug delivery technologies, because they have already been reviewed several times recently. Instead, we aim to provide a systematic and quantitative view on the pharmacokinetic factors in drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. This review is based on the literature and unpublished data from the authors' laboratory.Peer reviewe

Policy Initiatives for Improving Competencies of Agricultural Extension Graduates for Promotion of Agricultural Innovations

Agricultural education and training systems still have some refinement to dofor producing workforce-ready graduates. Even after continuous upgrading once in five years through Deans committee recommendations the existing curricula in Agricultural Universities are getting lots of criticism and still there is a mismatch to meet the demands of the needs of both modern industry employers and those of farmers. To address this lacuna, the present study was conducted in Kolar, Tumkur and Chikkaballapur districts of Karnataka state to identify possible areas according to agricultural extension professionals on the areas training is needed by field agricultural extension for effective promotion of agricultural innovations. A large group of agricultural extension professionals felt that, effective training should be given on techniques to develop long-term extension program plans, establish programming priorities and techniques of in need or problem assessment. Lack of required number of technical and non-technical staff at the field level, political interference and promotion of politically motivated popular subsidy schemes were major hurdles faced by the field extension professionals. The field level extension professionals opined that, more emphasis has to be given to techniques to use formal information gathering, digital communication skills in extension and techniques of evaluation of extension programs on an annual basis