Gender Differences in Depression Symptoms: Findings From a Population Survey in Kosovo – A Country in Transition

This paper focuses on gender differences in depression symptoms. It takes into consideration relevant contextual factors of a country in transition. This paper’s analyzed data was extracted from European Social Survey, Sixth Round (ESS-6). ESS uses strict probability samples of the resident national population, aged 15 or older, and living in private households. Females reported a significantly higher mean depression on average (M = 8.14; SD = 3.88) compared to males (M = 7.56; SD = 3.86) at t(1247) = 2.604, p ˂ .009. The average for depressive symptoms found in the Kosovar population was higher than the averages reported in other European countries, but corresponded with those in Eastern European countries

Risk factors related to reported proactive violence and victimization among kosovar high school students

The aim of this research was to understand the risk factors associated with self-reported proactive violence and victimization among Kosovo high school students. Data was obtained from 4709 high school students (15-16 years old) from Kosovo that participated in the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). This study followed standardized methodology, sampling, administration and ethical requirements as those of the ESPAD survey which ensures comparability across European countries. Results from this study support findings from other studies that males had a significantly higher average rank in both proactive violence and victimization categories when compared with females at (p<0.001). In addition, multivariable binary logistic regression showed that matching some factors were more strongly associated with perpetration of pro-active violence and victimization among Kosovo adolescents. The strongest association for proactive violence and victimization was with alcohol consumption over 30 days, followed by skipping school, and having a depressed mood. The weakest associations were observed for relationship with parents and gender. However, self-esteem scores showed there was not a statistically significant difference between pro-active violence and victimization. All of the above indicate an overlap of pro-active violence and victimization among adolescents, highlighting their role as both the perpetrator and the victim

Faktorët e rrezikut dhe viktimizimi i nëxënësve të shkollave të mesme

Rezultatet: Rezultatet nga ky studim mbështesin të gjeturat nga studimet e tjera se meshkujt kanë pasur mesatare më të lartë si në dhunën proaktive ashtu edhe në viktimizim, në krahasim me femrat dhe dallimi është signifikant (p<0.001). Pos kësaj, analiza e regresionit logjistik binar ka treguar se faktorët që përputhen (të ngjashëm) duket të kenë lidhje me ushtrimin e dhunës proaktive dhe viktimizimit në mesin e adoleshentëve kosovarë. Ndërlidhja më e ngushtë për dhunën proaktive dhe viktimizimin ishte me konsumimin e alkoolit më shumë se 30 ditë, përcjellë nga ikja nga mësimi dhe disponimi depresiv. Ndërlidhja më e dobët është vërejtur me marrëdhënien me prindërit dhe gjininë. Megjithatë, rezultatet e vetëvlerësimit kanë treguar se nuk ka pasur dallime statistike signifikante në mes dhunës proaktive dhe viktimizimit. Të gjitha të lartpërmendurat tregojnë se dhuna proaktive dhe viktimizimi në mesin e adoleshentëve përkojnë me njëra-tjetrën, duke theksuar rolin e tyre si kryes dhe viktimë.Hyrje: Qëllimi i këtij artikulli është të kuptuarit e faktorëve të rrezikut që lidhen me dhunën e vetë-raportuar proaktive dhe viktimizimin në mesin e nxënësve kosovarë të shkollave të mesme. Metodat: Të dhënat janë marrë nga 4709 nxënës të shkollave të mesme të moshës 15 – 16 vjeçare nga Kosova, që kanë marrë pjesë në Projektin Evropian për studimin në shkolla mbi alkoolin dhe drogat e tjera (ESPAD). Ky studim ka ndjekur metodologjinë e standardizuar, përcaktimin e mostrës, administrimin dhe kërkesat etike të njëjta me anketën (studimin) e PEShAD (ESPAD), gjë që siguron krahasueshmëri me vendet evropiane

Risk factors related to reported proactive violence and victimization among kosovar high school students

The aim of this research was to understand the risk factors associated with self-reported proactive violence and victimization among Kosovo high school students. Data was obtained from 4709 high school students (15-16 years old) from Kosovo that participated in the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). This study followed standardized methodology, sampling, administration and ethical requirements as those of the ESPAD survey which ensures comparability across European countries. Results from this study support findings from other studies that males had a significantly higher average ran

A large-scale test of the link between intergroup contact and support for social change

Guided by the early findings of social scientists, practitioners have long advocated for greater contact between groups to reduce prejudice and increase social cohesion. Recent work, however, suggests that intergroup contact can undermine support for social change towards greater equality, especially among disadvantaged group members. Using a large and heterogeneous dataset (12,997 individuals from 69 countries), we demonstrate that intergroup contact and support for social change towards greater equality are positively associated among members of advantaged groups (ethnic majorities and cis-heterosexuals) but negatively associated among disadvantaged groups (ethnic minorities and sexual and gender minorities). Specification-curve analysis revealed important variation in the size—and at times, direction—of correlations, depending on how contact and support for social change were measured. This allowed us to identify one type of support for change—willingness to work in solidarity— that is positively associated with intergroup contact among both advantaged and disadvantaged group members

Need satisfaction in intergroup contact:A multinational study of pathways toward social change

none43siFinanziamenti esterni a vari co-autoriWhat role does intergroup contact play in promoting support for social change toward greater social equality? Drawing on the needs-based model of reconciliation, we theorized that when inequality between groups is perceived as illegitimate, disadvantaged group members will experience a need for empowerment and advantaged group members a need for acceptance. When intergroup contact satisfies each group's needs, it should result in more mutual support for social change. Using four sets of survey data collected through the Zurich Intergroup Project in 23 countries, we tested several preregistered predictions, derived from the above reasoning, across a large variety of operationalizations. Two studies of disadvantaged groups (Ns = 689 ethnic minority members in Study 1 and 3,382 sexual/gender minorities in Study 2) support the hypothesis that, after accounting for the effects of intergroup contact and perceived illegitimacy, satisfying the need for empowerment (but not acceptance) during contact is positively related to support for social change. Two studies with advantaged groups (Ns = 2,937 ethnic majority members in Study 3 and 4,203 cis-heterosexual individuals in Study 4) showed that, after accounting for illegitimacy and intergroup contact, satisfying the need for acceptance (but also empowerment) is positively related to support for social change. Overall, findings suggest that intergroup contact is compatible with efforts to promote social change when group-specific needs are met. Thus, to encourage support for social change among both disadvantaged and advantaged group members, it is essential that, besides promoting mutual acceptance, intergroup contact interventions also give voice to and empower members of disadvantaged groups.mixedHässler, Tabea; Ullrich, Johannes; Sebben, Simone; Shnabel, Nurit; Bernardino, Michelle; Valdenegro, Daniel; Van Laar, Colette; González, Roberto; Visintin, Emilio Paolo; Tropp, Linda R; Ditlmann, Ruth K; Abrams, Dominic; Aydin, Anna Lisa; Pereira, Adrienne; Selvanathan, Hema Preya; von Zimmermann, Jorina; Lantos, Nóra Anna; Sainz, Mario; Glenz, Andreas; Kende, Anna; Oberpfalzerová, Hana; Bilewicz, Michal; Branković, Marija; Noor, Masi; Pasek, Michael H; Wright, Stephen C; Žeželj, Iris; Kuzawinska, Olga; Maloku, Edona; Otten, Sabine; Gul, Pelin; Bareket, Orly; Corkalo Biruski, Dinka; Mugnol-Ugarte, Luiza; Osin, Evgeny; Baiocco, Roberto; Cook, Jonathan E; Dawood, Maneeza; Droogendyk, Lisa; Loyo, Angélica Herrera; Jelić, Margareta; Kelmendi, Kaltrina; Pistella, JessicaHässler, Tabea; Ullrich, Johannes; Sebben, Simone; Shnabel, Nurit; Bernardino, Michelle; Valdenegro, Daniel; Van Laar, Colette; González, Roberto; Visintin, Emilio Paolo; Tropp, Linda R; Ditlmann, Ruth K; Abrams, Dominic; Aydin, Anna Lisa; Pereira, Adrienne; Selvanathan, Hema Preya; von Zimmermann, Jorina; Lantos, Nóra Anna; Sainz, Mario; Glenz, Andreas; Kende, Anna; Oberpfalzerová, Hana; Bilewicz, Michal; Branković, Marija; Noor, Masi; Pasek, Michael H; Wright, Stephen C; Žeželj, Iris; Kuzawinska, Olga; Maloku, Edona; Otten, Sabine; Gul, Pelin; Bareket, Orly; Corkalo Biruski, Dinka; Mugnol-Ugarte, Luiza; Osin, Evgeny; Baiocco, Roberto; Cook, Jonathan E; Dawood, Maneeza; Droogendyk, Lisa; Loyo, Angélica Herrera; Jelić, Margareta; Kelmendi, Kaltrina; Pistella, Jessic

Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries

Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental-leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental-leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental-leave policies and women’s political representation partially explained cross-national variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically larger in countries with more gender-egalitarian parental-leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross-national variation in the gender gap was driven by cross-national variations in women’s (rather than men’s) leave intentions. Financially generous leave and gender-egalitarian policies (linked to men’s higher uptake in prior research) were not associated with leave intentions in men. Rather, men’s leave intentions were related to their individual gender attitudes. Leave intentions were inversely related to career ambitions. The potential for existing policies to foster gender equality in paid and unpaid work is discussed

Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries

Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental-leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental-leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental-leave policies and women’s political representation partially explained cross-national variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically larger in countries with more gender-egalitarian parental-leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross-national variation in the gender gap was driven by cross-national variations in women’s (rather than men’s) leave intentions. Financially generous leave and gender-egalitarian policies (linked to men’s higher uptake in prior research) were not associated with leave intentions in men. Rather, men’s leave intentions were related to their individual gender attitudes. Leave intentions were inversely related to career ambitions. The potential for existing policies to foster gender equality in paid and unpaid work is discussed.Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 CountriespublishedVersio

Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role

Exploring the Attitudes of the Kosovar Youth towards Virginity as a Social Construct

In reality, virginity doesn’t have a universal definition. Despite this fact, it has a big impact in people’s lives, especially in collectivist cultures where social norms influence the way people behave and think. This leads to the main goal of this paper, which is to explore the attitudes of the Kosovar youth towards virginity as a social construct. To explain the thesis, the bio ecological model and the concept of binary opposites is used. The methodology is done through mixed methods, by administering surveys with a sample of 1507 respondents and three focus groups, with 18 girls. The results show that there exists a positive correlation between the religion and a negative one with the level of the education toward virginity. Also, it is perceived a double standard, especially for girls. The main recommendation is to intervene in the society by further studies, campaigns and sexual education