Creación, uso y diseminación de los recursos electrónicos para las Humanidades

El presente documento es un reporte final del proyecto de investigación Creación, diseminación y uso de recursos electrónicos primarios en las Humanidades realizado en el Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas (IIB) de la UNAM. . La primera sección describe la problemática abordada por el proyecto de investigación y en particular lo enmarca dentro del campo de las Humanidades Digitales. La segunda parte corresponde a la investigación realizada detallando la metodología, los resultados y las conclusiones finales. La tercera parte se presentan los artículos publicados como resultado de la investigación. La cuarta y última sección corresponde a otros productos resultados de la investigación, incluyendo los cursos impartidos y presentados así como los recursos humanos formados. 1. Los recursos digitales para las Humanidades 2. El panorama de los recursos digitales para la UNAM - fase diagnóstico 2.1 Retos para la creación de recursos digitales UNAM-IIB 2.2 Buenas prácticas y evaluación de recursos digitale

Challenges for the creation of digital resources in the humanities

The production and use of digital resources is an increasingly important subject within the humanities. Currently significant amounts of resources are invested into digitization projects, databases, websites and other types of digital resources. However, there are few studies that address their production, use and dissemination. The present article introduces the main issues around the production of digital tools and resources as well as the concept of “digital humanities”. We present and analyze the results of an initial diagnosis of the digital humanities landscape, taking as a case study the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – UNAM). These results are discussed and the main challenges and opportunities for the field presented

Los datos de investigación en las Humanidades – periódicos decimonónicos

Introducción: El OCR de periódicos digitalizados del siglo XIX pueden entenderse como "datos crudos" para la realización de investigación histórica hemerográfica y ofrecemos una reflexión en torno a cómo deben integrarse estos datos al repositorio para poder ser utilizado para estos fines. Este trabajo forma parte de los resultados de “Oceanic Exchanges: Tracing Global Information Networks in Historical Newspaper Repositories”, un proyecto de minería de datos en repositorios de periódicos digitalizados. Materiales y metodología: OcEx está compuesto por 6 equipos de investigación en 9 países y busca modelar patrones de flujo de información en periódicos del XIX. México participa con el repositorio Hemeroteca Nacional Digital de México (HNDM) que contiene más de 7 millones de imágenes y sus correspondientes archivos en XML producto del proceso de OCR. A partir de utilizar este repositorio para realizar un proyecto de minería de datos humanístico hacemos una reflexión en cómo pueden ser concebidas las colecciones digitales y sus datos de tal forma que pueden ser utilizados como datos crudos para investigación hemerográfica. Resultados y conclusiones: El uso de repositorios para custodiar colecciones de datos crudos permite compartir y reutilizar esta información. Sin embargo, es necesario una descripción bibliográfica de la digitalización. Para lograr esto es necesario aproximarse a los datos resultantes de una digitalización, desde una perspectiva crítica y no únicamente tecnológica. Este trabajo representa un primer acercamiento y reflexión a cómo este tipo de datos deben de ser almacenados en repositorios para que sean adecuadamente interpretados y utilizados en la investigación. Abstract Introduction: OCRUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic

Los datos de investigación en las Humanidades – periódicos decimonónicos

Introducción: El OCR de periódicos digitalizados del siglo XIX pueden entenderse como "datos crudos" para la realización de investigación histórica hemerográfica y ofrecemos una reflexión en torno a cómo deben integrarse estos datos al repositorio para poder ser utilizado para estos fines. Este trabajo forma parte de los resultados de “Oceanic Exchanges: Tracing Global Information Networks in Historical Newspaper Repositories”, un proyecto de minería de datos en repositorios de periódicos digitalizados. Materiales y metodología: OcEx está compuesto por 6 equipos de investigación en 9 países y busca modelar patrones de flujo de información en periódicos del XIX. México participa con el repositorio Hemeroteca Nacional Digital de México (HNDM) que contiene más de 7 millones de imágenes y sus correspondientes archivos en XML producto del proceso de OCR. A partir de utilizar este repositorio para realizar un proyecto de minería de datos humanístico hacemos una reflexión en cómo pueden ser concebidas las colecciones digitales y sus datos de tal forma que pueden ser utilizados como datos crudos para investigación hemerográfica. Resultados y conclusiones: El uso de repositorios para custodiar colecciones de datos crudos permite compartir y reutilizar esta información. Sin embargo, es necesario una descripción bibliográfica de la digitalización. Para lograr esto es necesario aproximarse a los datos resultantes de una digitalización, desde una perspectiva crítica y no únicamente tecnológica. Este trabajo representa un primer acercamiento y reflexión a cómo este tipo de datos deben de ser almacenados en repositorios para que sean adecuadamente interpretados y utilizados en la investigación. Abstract Introduction: OCRUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic

Los datos de investigación en las Humanidades – periódicos decimonónicos

Introducción: El OCR de periódicos digitalizados del siglo XIX pueden entenderse como "datos crudos" para la realización de investigación histórica hemerográfica y ofrecemos una reflexión en torno a cómo deben integrarse estos datos al repositorio para poder ser utilizado para estos fines. Este trabajo forma parte de los resultados de “Oceanic Exchanges: Tracing Global Information Networks in Historical Newspaper Repositories”, un proyecto de minería de datos en repositorios de periódicos digitalizados. Materiales y metodología: OcEx está compuesto por 6 equipos de investigación en 9 países y busca modelar patrones de flujo de información en periódicos del XIX. México participa con el repositorio Hemeroteca Nacional Digital de México (HNDM) que contiene más de 7 millones de imágenes y sus correspondientes archivos en XML producto del proceso de OCR. A partir de utilizar este repositorio para realizar un proyecto de minería de datos humanístico hacemos una reflexión en cómo pueden ser concebidas las colecciones digitales y sus datos de tal forma que pueden ser utilizados como datos crudos para investigación hemerográfica. Resultados y conclusiones: El uso de repositorios para custodiar colecciones de datos crudos permite compartir y reutilizar esta información. Sin embargo, es necesario una descripción bibliográfica de la digitalización. Para lograr esto es necesario aproximarse a los datos resultantes de una digitalización, desde una perspectiva crítica y no únicamente tecnológica. Este trabajo representa un primer acercamiento y reflexión a cómo este tipo de datos deben de ser almacenados en repositorios para que sean adecuadamente interpretados y utilizados en la investigación. Abstract Introduction: OCRUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit