Estudio de estabilidad de taludes del paso lateral de la ciudad de Macas

Esta investigación plantea: realizar el levantamiento geológico a lo largo de los 8 850 metros de longitud del paso lateral de Macas en una franja de 20 metros de ancho a cada lado del borde de vía, además de las áreas de influencia directa sobre la obra civil, como base para determinar la estabilidad de taludes de corte generados por la vía; se presentan taludes inestables principalmente en épocas invernales, además de dos asentamientos de la calzada localizados sobre el cruce de quebradas. Para taludes de suelo se utilizó el método de equilibrio límite a través de un retroanálisis aplicando los métodos de Bishop y Janbú simplificados y Spencer, conociendo la geometría, litología y grado de meteorización, se modeló las superficies de falla de cada talud, y estimó valores de densidad, cohesión y ángulo de fricción, considerando un valor de ru, en el software Slide 6.0, con la finalidad de obtener un Factor de Seguridad (F.S) igual a 1.05 para condiciones pseudoestáticas y 1.5 estáticas, se calculó también el F.S para condiciones actuales y con medidas de estabilización. Para taludes de roca se analizó la estabilidad aplicando la clasificación geomecánica de Romana para obtener valores de cohesión y fricción en los planos de fractura, con estos valores se desarrolló el análisis cinemático con respecto a mecanismos de falla en cuña y falla planar, comprobado con la proyección estereográfica de las estructuras en el software Dips 5.0., se calculó el F.S. para procesos de falla en cuña utilizando el software Swedge 4.0 y para falla planar empleando el software Rocplane 2.0. Se analizaron e interpretaron los resultados. Se concluye que el agua es la principal causa de inestabilidad, siendo necesario aplicar medidas de estabilización y sostenimiento para alcanzar los F.S. que las Normas para cortes en carreteras indican. Palabras claves: LEVANTAMIENTO GEOLÓGICO - ESTABILIDAD DE TALUDES - EQUILIBRIO LÍMITE - FACTOR DE SEGURIDAD - CLASIFICACIÓN GEOMECÁNICA DE ROMANA - ANÁLISIS CINEMÁTICO.This research posits to carry out the geological survey in 8850 meters in length of the lateral pathway on Macas in zone of 20 meters wide on each side of the roadside edge. In addition to areas of direct influence on civil works, as a basis for determining the slope stabilization of cutting generated by the road; It also presents unstable slopes mainly in winter times. Moreover, two settlements of the road located on the crossing of ravines. For the slopes of the soil the balance method was used through an application of the methods of Bishop and Janbú simplified and Spencer, knowing the geometry, lithology and degree of weathering, the failure surfaces of each slope were modeled, and estimate values density, cohesion and friction angle. It was considering the value ru, in the software Slide 6.0, in order to obtain a Security Factor (FS) equal to1.05 for pseudo static conditions and 1.5 static. The FS was also calculated for current conditions and with stabilization measures. For rock slopes the stability was analyzed by applying the Romana Geomechanics Classification to obtain values of cohesion and friction in the fracture planes, with this values the cinematic analysis was developed with respect to failure mechanisms in wedge and planar failure. Verifying with the Stereographic projection of structures in software Dips 5.0., the FS was calculated for failure processes and use the software Swedish 4.0 and for planar failure using Rocplane software 2.0. The results were analyzed and interpreted. It is concluded that water is the main cause of the instability, it is necessary to apply stabilization and sustainability measures to reach the F.S. that the regulations for road cuts indicate. Keywords: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY – STABILITY OF SLOPES – LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM – SAFETY FACTOR – ROMANA GEOMECHANISCS CLASSIFICATION – CINEMATIC ANALYSIS

Which diabetes specific patient reported outcomes should be measured in routine care? A systematic review to inform a core outcome set for adults with Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: The European Health Outcomes Observatory (H2O) programme

Diabetes mellitus; Patient reported outcome measures; Type 1Diabetis mellitus; Mesures de resultat informades pel pacient; Tipus 1Diabetes mellitus; Medidas de resultado informadas por el paciente; Tipo 1Objectives The objective was to identify candidate patient reported outcomes with potential to inform individual patient care and service development for inclusion in a digital outcome set to be collected in routine care, as part of an international project to enhance care outcomes for people with diabetes. Methods PubMed, COSMIN and COMET databases were searched. Published studies were included if they recommended patient reported outcomes that were clinically useful and/or important to people with diabetes. To aid selection decisions, recommended outcomes were considered in terms of the evidence endorsing them and their importance to people with diabetes. Results Twenty-seven studies recommending 53 diabetes specific outcomes, and patient reported outcome measures, were included. The outcomes reflected the experience of living with diabetes (e.g. psychological well-being, symptom experience, health beliefs and stigma) and behaviours (e.g. self-management). Diabetes distress and self-management behaviours were most endorsed by the evidence. Conclusions The review provides a comprehensive list of candidate outcomes endorsed by international evidence and informed by existing outcome sets, and suggestions for measures. Practice implications The review offers evidence to guide clinical application. Integrated measurement of these outcomes in care settings holds enormous potential to improve provision of care and outcomes in diabetes.H2O has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 945345-2. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, EFPIA, Trial Nation and JDRF International. The funding source was not involved in the study design; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the article for publication. The manuscript reflects only the author's view. The IMI, the European Union, EFPIA, or any Associated Partners are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains

Proceso de implementación de la Norma de Información Financiera para Asociaciones Cooperativas de El Salvador (NIFASES) en ACACTRAMU de R.L.

La NIFACES nace debido a la necesidad existente en el sector cooperativo de un marco contable y estándar, encontrándose en el dilema de qué normativa aplicar, por su carácter no mercantil y el sobredimensionado criterio de la clasificación de las aportaciones, puesto que ya había un proceso de adopción de la normativa contable emitida por el organismo International Accounting Standars Board (IASB) en las empresas mercantiles del país. Ante esos inconvenientes y en función de las atribuciones legales el Consejo de Administración del Instituto Salvadoreño de Fomento Cooperativo (INSAFOCOOP), emite la Norma de Información Financiera para Asociaciones Cooperativas de El Salvador (NIFACES). La NIFACES se diseña para ser aplicada en los estados financieros con propósito de información general, así como también en otra información financiera de las asociaciones cooperativas, ya que los estados financieros son dirigidos a satisfacer las necesidades comunes de un amplio grupo de usuarios con el objeto de suministrar información sobre la situación financiera, rendimiento y flujos de efectivo. Aprobada en octubre de 2011, su implementación inició en el año 2012 mediante un plan piloto concluido en 2013, resultando en definir la transición obligatoria a nivel nacional. La investigación se dirige específicamente a las asociaciones cooperativas que se dedican al servicio de crédito y ahorro y más generalmente a otras instituciones cooperativas con el objetivo de facilitar el proceso y desarrollo de Implementación de la Norma de Información Financiera para Asociaciones Cooperativas de El Salvador, mediante la definición de una estructura de implementación para la asociación cooperativa ACACTRAMU, DE R.L., de forma adecuada y ii oportuna. Además se pretende establecer herramientas que faciliten el proceso con el diseño de una propuesta. La metodología utilizada consistió en obtener información a través de diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, se utilizó la técnica de la entrevista para obtener repuestas del pensar de los distintos asociados del consejo y por ende de su personal a cargo de las áreas involucradas con la aplicación de la normativa contable. Los resultados obtenidos de la investigación realizada, se consideran una herramienta que facilitará la aplicación de la normativa NIFACES para las asociaciones cooperativas que se encuentran en el proceso de implementación. Esta herramienta facilita en cuanto a tiempo al equipo de trabajo debido a que se ha desarrollado de una forma práctica lo que reducirá esfuerzo y costos. Se concluye que INSAFOCOOP como ente rector de las asociaciones cooperativas a través de la NIFACES persigue el fin que la información financiera sea generada de forma estandarizada para una mayor comparabilidad con otras asociaciones, lectura y análisis, debido que al emitir información más compresible será más fácil la toma de decisiones para la administración y usuarios del servicio. Se recomienda a las asociaciones cooperativas iniciar el proceso de implementación de la NIFACES, debido a que retoma criterios de las principales normativas contables que predominan a nivel mundial, además la información es registrada bajo una normativa cooperativista que procura una estandarización de la información, lo cual genera una fácil comparabilidad y actualización de políticas contables, catálogo de cuentas y manual de aplicaciones

Climate geoengineering: issues of path-dependence and socio-technical lock-in

As academic and policy interest in climate geoengineering grows, the potential irreversibility of technological developments in this domain has been raised as a pressing concern. The literature on socio-technical lock-in and path dependence is illuminating in helping to situate current concerns about climate geoengineering and irreversibility in the context of academic understandings of historical socio-technical development and persistence. This literature provides a wealth of material illustrating the pervasiveness of positive feedbacks of various types (from the discursive to the material) leading to complex socio-technical entanglements which may resist change and become inflexible even in the light of evidence of negative impacts. With regard to climate geoengineering, there are concerns that geoengineering technologies might contribute so-called ‘carbon lock-in’, or become irreversibly ‘locked-in’ themselves. In particular, the scale of infrastructures that geoengineering interventions would require, and the issue of the so-called ‘termination effect’ have been discussed in these terms. Despite the emergent and somewhat ill-defined nature of the field, some authors also suggest that the extant framings of geoengineering in academic and policy literatures may already demonstrate features recognizable as forms of cognitive lock-in, likely to have profound implications for future developments in this area. While the concepts of path-dependence and lock-in are the subject of ongoing academic critique, by drawing analytical attention to these pervasive processes of positive feedback and entanglement, this literature is highly relevant to current debates around geoengineering

Detailed state of the art review for the different on-line/in-line oil analysis techniques in context of wind turbine gearboxes

The main driver behind developing advanced condition monitoring (CM) systems for the wind energy industry is the delivery of improved asset management regarding the operation and maintenance of the gearbox and other wind turbine components and systems. Current gearbox CM systems mainly detect faults by identifying ferrous materials, water, and air within oil by changes in certain properties such as electrical fields. In order to detect oil degradation and identify particles, more advanced devices are required to allow a better maintenance regime to be established. Current technologies available specifically for this purpose include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ferrography. There are also several technologies that have not yet been or have been recently applied to CM problems. After reviewing the current state of the art, it is recommended that a combination of sensors would be used that analyze different characteristics of the oil. The information individually would not be highly accurate but combined it is fully expected that greater accuracy can be obtained. The technologies that are suitable in terms of cost, size, accuracy, and development are online ferrography, selective fluorescence spectroscopy, scattering measurements, FTIR, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and solid state viscometers

Interprofessional anatomy education in the United Kingdom and Ireland: perspectives from students and teachers

There is increasing recognition of multiprofessional learning in anatomy and its role in medical and healthcare professions. This study utilized two components to investigate anatomy interprofessional education (AIPE) in the United Kingdom and Ireland. First, a survey involving qualitative and quantitative components asked Heads of Anatomy to report on their institutions’ uptake of AIPE. Second, a series of case studies explored the experiences of students by using evaluation forms and an in-depth analysis of thematic concepts to understand the learners’ perspectives on designing and delivering AIPE. Out of the 13 institutions that took part in the survey, eight did not offer an AIPE program. Between the remaining five institutions that deliver AIPE programs, 10 different modules are offered with the majority involving healthcare professions. The AIPE component is rated highly by students. The themes from the case studies highlight how valuable AIPE is from the student perspective both in terms of engaging them in anatomy as well as in the broader skills of teamwork and communication. The case studies also revealed how AIPE can be engaging for groups of students who might not have previously had access to cadaveric anatomy, for example, engineers and archeologists. The results of this study have implications for curriculum design in medicine and healthcare but also for further engagement of professional groups from non-healthcare backgrounds. Anat Sci Educ 8:360–370. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists

Anisotropy studies around the galactic centre at EeV energies with the Auger Observatory

Data from the Pierre Auger Observatory are analyzed to search for anisotropies near the direction of the Galactic Centre at EeV energies. The exposure of the surface array in this part of the sky is already significantly larger than that of the fore-runner experiments. Our results do not support previous findings of localized excesses in the AGASA and SUGAR data. We set an upper bound on a point-like flux of cosmic rays arriving from the Galactic Centre which excludes several scenarios predicting sources of EeV neutrons from Sagittarius $A$. Also the events detected simultaneously by the surface and fluorescence detectors (the `hybrid' data set), which have better pointing accuracy but are less numerous than those of the surface array alone, do not show any significant localized excess from this direction.Comment: Matches published versio

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration

Impacts of aquaculture on social networks in the mangrove systems of northern Vietnam

Mangrove systems are one of the most complex and productive ecosystems on Earth, providing crucial livelihood support to coastal communities in developing countries. However, mangrove systems are being degraded and lost at an alarming rate globally. In Vietnam, the principal threat to mangrove systems is their conversion to aquaculture. Historically, mangrove system dependent communities (MSDC) have responded to change through their livelihoods and social networks, using social capital to self-organise and access crucial livelihood resources. However, little is known about the impact of different degrees of aquaculture on MSDC livelihoods and social networks, and what this means for the resilience of these communities and their ability to self-organise in response to change. Using a quantitative approach based on empirical household survey data, we assess the association between aquaculture and the livelihoods and social networks of three coastal communities of northern Vietnam. Results indicate that greater degrees of aquaculture are associated with: greater income inequality and lower livelihood diversity; and larger and less dense social networks. The increased influence of market-based relations associated with greater degrees of aquaculture has implications for resilience through the socio-economic differentiation and fragmentation of MSDC networks, which reduces social capital and the ability to self-organise in response to change. A diversity of network ties is required in order to connect various groups within MSDC. This can enable shared identification and understanding of the issues facing mangrove systems in order to facilitate self-organisation, and foster the resilience necessary for the sustainable governance of mangrove systems

Measurement of the inclusive and dijet cross-sections of b-jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive and dijet production cross-sections have been measured for jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements use data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb^-1. The b-jets are identified using either a lifetime-based method, where secondary decay vertices of b-hadrons in jets are reconstructed using information from the tracking detectors, or a muon-based method where the presence of a muon is used to identify semileptonic decays of b-hadrons inside jets. The inclusive b-jet cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum in the range 20 < pT < 400 GeV and rapidity in the range |y| < 2.1. The bbbar-dijet cross-section is measured as a function of the dijet invariant mass in the range 110 < m_jj < 760 GeV, the azimuthal angle difference between the two jets and the angular variable chi in two dijet mass regions. The results are compared with next-to-leading-order QCD predictions. Good agreement is observed between the measured cross-sections and the predictions obtained using POWHEG + Pythia. MC@NLO + Herwig shows good agreement with the measured bbbar-dijet cross-section. However, it does not reproduce the measured inclusive cross-section well, particularly for central b-jets with large transverse momenta.Comment: 10 pages plus author list (21 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version published in European Physical Journal