2,962 research outputs found
Beyond Shooting Snaildarters in Porkbarrels: Endangered Species and Land Use in America
This article examines endangered species law as it may affect land use in the United States. The first section describes the legal and biological contexts into which the ESA intruded. Section II outlines the protective mechanisms established by the 1973 version of the Act and their reception by the courts. The third section discusses the corrective amendments to the Act enacted in 1978. The final section applies the law as it has developed and as it is likely to evolve to a series of more or less hypothetical land use conflicts, forecasting multiplication of the disputes between endangered species and human desires
12.グルタミン酸ナトリウムはglucagon like peptide-1の食後早期の分泌を促進し, 食後血糖の上昇を抑制する
The purpose of this study was to compare the growth and nutritional status of infants fed different diets, some of whom received a low-fat formula. Beginning at four to six months of age, 101 infants were fed whole cow\u27s milk, one of two low-fat follow-up formulas, or a standard infant formula until 12 months of age. Weight, recumbent length, and head circumference were measured at one-month intervals. Analyses of status (values at an age) for all examinations showed no significant differences among the feeding groups in status for weight or recumbent length, but there were significant differences in head circumference for boys and for girls after adjustments for the initial values. Head circumferences were smaller in those fed whole cow\u27s milk and relatively large in those fed follow-up formula, but these differences were small and not of clinical significance. Comparisons with national reference data showed growth in weight, recumbent length, and head circumference was normal regardless of feeding group. These results indicate that, during the second half year of infancy, the use of lower fat concentrations in the follow-up formulas did not retard growth in weight, recumbent length, or head circumference
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Cohesin-dependent regulation of gene expression during differentiation is lost in cohesin-mutated myeloid malignancies.
Cohesin complex disruption alters gene expression, and cohesin mutations are common in myeloid neoplasia, suggesting a critical role in hematopoiesis. Here, we explore cohesin dynamics and regulation of hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis and differentiation. Cohesin binding increases at active regulatory elements only during erythroid differentiation. Prior binding of the repressive Ets transcription factor Etv6 predicts cohesin binding at these elements and Etv6 interacts with cohesin at chromatin. Depletion of cohesin severely impairs erythroid differentiation, particularly at Etv6-prebound loci, but augments self-renewal programs. Together with corroborative findings in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome patient samples, these data suggest cohesin-mediated alleviation of Etv6 repression is required for dynamic expression at critical erythroid genes during differentiation and how this may be perturbed in myeloid malignancies
The gravitational-wave background null hypothesis: Characterizing noise in millisecond pulsar arrival times with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
The noise in millisecond pulsar (MSP) timing data can include contributions
from observing instruments, the interstellar medium, the solar wind, solar
system ephemeris errors, and the pulsars themselves. The noise environment must
be accurately characterized in order to form the null hypothesis from which
signal models can be compared, including the signature induced by
nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). Here we describe the noise
models developed for each of the MSPs in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA)
third data release, which have been used as the basis of a search for the
isotropic stochastic GW background. We model pulsar spin noise, dispersion
measure variations, scattering variations, events in the pulsar magnetospheres,
solar wind variability, and instrumental effects. We also search for new timing
model parameters and detected Shapiro delays in PSR~J06143329 and
PSR~J19025105. The noise and timing models are validated by testing the
normalized and whitened timing residuals for Gaussianity and residual
correlations with time. We demonstrate that the choice of noise models
significantly affects the inferred properties of a common-spectrum process.
Using our detailed models, the recovered common-spectrum noise in the PPTA is
consistent with a power law with a spectral index of , the value
predicted for a stochastic GW background from a population of supermassive
black hole binaries driven solely by GW emission.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
Pulsar timing arrays aim to detect nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves
(GWs). A background of GWs modulates pulsar arrival times and manifests as a
stochastic process, common to all pulsars, with a signature spatial
correlation. Here we describe a search for an isotropic stochastic
gravitational-wave background (GWB) using observations of 30 millisecond
pulsars from the third data release of the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA),
which spans 18 years. Using current Bayesian inference techniques we recover
and characterize a common-spectrum noise process. Represented as a strain
spectrum , we measure and respectively (median and 68%
credible interval). For a spectral index of , corresponding to an
isotropic background of GWs radiated by inspiraling supermassive black hole
binaries, we recover an amplitude of .
However, we demonstrate that the apparent signal strength is time-dependent, as
the first half of our data set can be used to place an upper limit on that
is in tension with the inferred common-spectrum amplitude using the complete
data set. We search for spatial correlations in the observations by
hierarchically analyzing individual pulsar pairs, which also allows for
significance validation through randomizing pulsar positions on the sky. For a
process with , we measure spatial correlations consistent with a
GWB, with an estimated false-alarm probability of (approx.
). The long timing baselines of the PPTA and the access to southern
pulsars will continue to play an important role in the International Pulsar
Timing Array.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ
Towards an integrative understanding of soil biodiversity
Soil is one of the most biodiverse terrestrial habitats. Yet, we lack an integrative conceptual framework for understanding the patterns and mechanisms driving soil biodiversity. One of the underlying reasons for our poor understanding of soil biodiversity patterns relates to whether key biodiversity theories (historically developed for aboveground and aquatic organisms) are applicable to patterns of soil biodiversity. Here, we present a systematic literature review to investigate whether and how key biodiversity theories (species-energy relationship, theory of island biogeography, metacommunity theory, niche theory and neutral theory) can explain observed patterns of soil biodiversity. We then discuss two spatial compartments nested within soil at which biodiversity theories can be applied to acknowledge the scale-dependent nature of soil biodiversity.Peer reviewe
The Astropy Problem
The Astropy Project (http://astropy.org) is, in its own words, "a community
effort to develop a single core package for Astronomy in Python and foster
interoperability between Python astronomy packages." For five years this
project has been managed, written, and operated as a grassroots,
self-organized, almost entirely volunteer effort while the software is used by
the majority of the astronomical community. Despite this, the project has
always been and remains to this day effectively unfunded. Further, contributors
receive little or no formal recognition for creating and supporting what is now
critical software. This paper explores the problem in detail, outlines possible
solutions to correct this, and presents a few suggestions on how to address the
sustainability of general purpose astronomical software
Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at TeV with the ATLAS detector
This paper presents measurements of the and cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a
function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were
collected in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with
the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity
of 20.2~\mbox{fb^{-1}}. The precision of the cross-section measurements
varies between 0.8% to 1.5% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the
1.9% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured
with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with
predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various
parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between
them.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 5 figures, 4 tables,
submitted to EPJC. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at
https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-13
Search for squarks and gluinos in events with isolated leptons, jets and missing transverse momentum at s√=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector
The results of a search for supersymmetry in final states containing at least one isolated lepton (electron or muon), jets and large missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider are reported. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy s√=8 TeV collected in 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20 fb−1. No significant excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed. Limits are set on supersymmetric particle masses for various supersymmetric models. Depending on the model, the search excludes gluino masses up to 1.32 TeV and squark masses up to 840 GeV. Limits are also set on the parameters of a minimal universal extra dimension model, excluding a compactification radius of 1/R c = 950 GeV for a cut-off scale times radius (ΛR c) of approximately 30
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