Méthodes de conception de systèmes de production innovants à l'échelle de l'exploitation agricole : synthèse bibliographique

L'objectif de ce travail est de recenser et d'analyser les travaux scientifiques publiés au niveau international, s'inscrivant dans le champ de la conception de systèmes de production innovants, dans une perspective finalisée d'aide à la conception et à leurs mises en oeuvre, et en privilégiant les méthodes formalisées de conception, ainsi que les méthodes mobilisant la modélisation. Ce champ d'étude couvre un ensemble de travaux affichant l'exploitation agricole comme objet ou niveau d'étude, s'inscrivant plus ou moins explicitement dans une perspective de conception de systèmes agricoles innovants, et intégrant une représentation de's modalités de fonctionnement biophysique, technique et décisionnel de ces systèmes. Enfin, comme nous le verrons dans le paragraphe suivant, cette étude s'appuie essentiellement sur des travaux publiés ces 10 dernières années. (Résumé d'auteur

3D structure of individual mammalian genomes studied by single cell Hi-C

The folding of genomic DNA from the beads-on-a-string like structure of nucleosomes into higher order assemblies is critically linked to nuclear processes. We have calculated the first 3D structures of entire mammalian genomes using data from a new chromosome conformation capture procedure that allows us to first image and then process single cells. This has allowed us to study genome folding down to a scale of <100 kb and to validate the structures. We show that the structures of individual topological-associated domains and loops vary very substantially from cell-to-cell. By contrast, A/B compartments, lamin-associated domains and active enhancers/promoters are organized in a consistent way on a genome-wide basis in every cell, suggesting that they could drive chromosome and genome folding. Through studying pluripotency factor- and NuRD-regulated genes, we illustrate how single cell genome structure determination provides a novel approach for investigating biological processes.We thank the Wellcome Trust (082010/Z/07/Z), the EC FP7 4DCellFate project (277899) and the MRC (MR/M010082/1) for financial support

Innover avec les acteurs du monde rural : la recherche-action en partenariat

La recherche-action en partenariat combine production de connaissances, transformation des réalités sociales et renforcement des compétences individuelles et collectives. L'ouvrage donne les fondements de la recherche-action en partenariat en agriculture et des éléments pour la mettre en pratique. Il souligne non seulement les questions théoriques mais aussi les questions pratiques que soulève ce triple objectif. Les moments clés de la démarche sont présentés et discutés. L'étape initiale, définir le problème et structurer le collectif qui associe l'ensemble des acteurs concernés, est déterminante pour la bonne suite des activités. Les mécanismes qui permettent à l'ensemble des acteurs d'être associés au processus de conception, de programmation, de suivi et d'évaluation des résultats sont décrits. Il en est de même des procédures nécessaires pour juger de la pertinence des résultats en termes de connaissances produites, de renforcement des capacités des acteurs ou de résolution de problèmes. L'ouvrage s'appuie sur un large éventail d'expériences dans l'agriculture des pays du Sud, qui illustrent comment des praticiens ont répondu aux défis d'une démarche toujours à réinventer selon les contextes. Il est destiné aux chercheurs, aux techniciens du développement rural et aux représentants d'organisations du monde rural confrontés aux problèmes complexes que pose le développement rural dans les agricultures du Sud

Observation and confirmation of six strong-lensing systems in the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification data

We report the observation and confirmation of the first group- and cluster-scale strong gravitational lensing systems found in Dark Energy Survey data. Through visual inspection of data from the Science Verification season, we identified 53 candidate systems. We then obtained spectroscopic follow-up of 21 candidates using the Gemini Multi-object Spectrograph at the Gemini South telescope and the Inamori-Magellan Areal Camera and Spectrograph at the Magellan/Baade telescope. With this follow-up, we confirmed six candidates as gravitational lenses: three of the systems are newly discovered, and the remaining three were previously known. Of the 21 observed candidates, the remaining 15 either were not detected in spectroscopic observations, were observed and did not exhibit continuum emission (or spectral features), or were ruled out as lensing systems. The confirmed sample consists of one group-scale and five galaxy-cluster-scale lenses. The lensed sources range in redshift z ˜ 0.80--3.2 and in i-band surface brightness i SB ˜ 23--25 mag arcsec-2 (2" aperture). For each of the six systems, we estimate the Einstein radius theta E and the enclosed mass M enc, which have ranges theta E ˜ 5"--9" and M enc ˜ 8 × 1012 to 6 × 1013 M &sun;, respectively. This paper includes data gathered with the 6.5 m Magellan Telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile

Study of hadronic event-shape variables in multijet final states in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

Peer reviewe

The DES bright arcs survey: hundreds of candidate strongly lensed galaxy systems from the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification and year 1 observations

We report the results of searches for strong gravitational lens systems in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Science Verification and Year 1 observations. The Science Verification data span approximately 250 sq. deg. with a median i-band limiting magnitude for extended objects (10σ) of 23.0. The Year 1 data span approximately 2000 sq. deg. and have an i-band limiting magnitude for extended objects (10σ) of 22.9. As these data sets are both wide and deep, they are particularly useful for identifying strong gravitational lens candidates. Potential strong gravitational lens candidate systems were initially identified based on a color and magnitude selection in the DES object catalogs or because the system is at the location of a previously identified galaxy cluster. Cutout images of potential candidates were then visually scanned using an object viewer and numerically ranked according to whether or not we judged them to be likely strong gravitational lens systems. Having scanned nearly 400,000 cutouts, we present 374 candidate strong lens systems, of which 348 are identified for the first time. We provide the R.A. and decl., the magnitudes and photometric properties of the lens and source objects, and the distance (radius) of the source(s) from the lens center for each system

Constraints on parton distribution functions and extraction of the strong coupling constant from the inclusive jet cross section in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

Peer reviewe

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112

Complete spectral data for analytic Anosov maps of the torus

Using analytic properties of Blaschke factors we construct a family of analytic hyperbolic diffeomorphisms of the torus for which the spectral properties of the associated transfer operator acting on a suitable Hilbert space can be computed explicitly. As a result, we obtain explicit expressions for the decay of correlations of analytic observables without resorting to any kind of perturbation argument.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure

Metastases from renal cell carcinoma presenting as gastrointestinal bleeding: two case reports and a review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Bleeding from small bowel neoplasms account for 1–4% of cases of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Renal cell carcinoma constitutes 3% of all adult malignancies and often presents insidiously. Consequently 25–30% of patients have metastases at the time of diagnosis. Gastrointestinal bleeding from renal cell carcinoma metastases is an uncommon and under-recognised manifestation of this disease. CASE REPORT: In this report we describe two cases of gastrointestinal bleeding from renal cell carcinoma metastases – in one patient bleeding heralded the primary manifestation of disease and in the other signified recurrence of disease following nephrectomy. CONCLUSION: These cases highlight the importance endoscopic vigilance in cases of undiagnosed upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, especially in patients with a past history of renal cell carcinoma