Live-box experiments with anchovetas, Cetengraulis mysticetus, in the Gulf of Panama

ENGLISH: Extensive live-box experiments were conducted during 1958, 1959, and 1960 to test the efficacy of various tags and marks for use with anchovetas, and to test the effects of the use of anesthetics and antibiotics with the tagging. A total of 12,767 fish was involved in 72 experiments during the three years. Daily records of the mortalities and shedding were kept. Slightly over 7 months was the longest period of time any of the experiments was maintained. SPANISH: Durante 1958, 1959 Y 1960 se hicieron extensos experimentos en viveros para probar la eficacia del uso de varias marcas en las anchovetas y para ensayar los efectos del empleo de anestésicos y antibióticos en el momento de la operación de marcación. En estos tres años se utilizó un total de 12,767 peces en 72 experimentos. Se hicieron anotaciones diarias de la mortalidad y del desprendimiento de las marcas. El período más largo de duración de un experimento sobrepasó ligeramente los 7 meses

Artificial fertilization of the eggs, and rearing and identification of the larvae of the anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus

ENGLISH: The anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus (Günther), is an important bait fish used to capture tunas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. Contributions to the early life history of this species in the Gulf of Panama were made by Simpson (1959), who was able to identify deductively the planktonic egg of the anchoveta from 10 other anchovy eggs concurrently present. He also reared these planktonic eggs in the laboratory and described the resultant larvae to the age of 48 hours after hatching. Because of the lack of differences among the anchovy larvae, this description does not permit the identification of anchoveta larvae from those of other engraulid species. Furthermore, while adult specimens are easily recognized, up to the present it has not been possible to extend the identification of the juvenile anchoveta to specimens smaller than about 25 mm. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to identify anchoveta from the time of hatching to about 25 mm. SPANISH: La anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus (Günther), es un importante pez de carnada que se emplea en la captura de los atunes en el Océano Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Simpson (1959) logró identificar deductivamente el huevo planctónico de la anchoveta al separarlo de otros diez huevos de anchoas que se encuentran al mismo tiempo, contribuyendo de esta manera a conocer los primeros estados de la historia natural de esta especie en el Golfo de Panamá. El también estableció un criadero en el laboratorio con estos huevos planctónicos y describió las larvas resultantes hasta la edad de 48 horas después de la eclosión. Debido a que no hay diferencias entre las larvas de las anchoas, esta descripción no permite identificar las larvas de la anchoveta de las otras especies de engráulidos. Más aun, a pesar de que los especímenes adultos son fácilmente reconocibles, hasta ahora no ha sido posible identificar la anchoveta juvenil de menos de unos 25 mm. Consecuentemente, el propósito del presente estudio ha sido el de identificar al anchoveta desde el momento de la eclosión hasta que tiene unos 25 mm

Williams syndrome: An exploration of neurocognitive and genetic features.

Abstract We report here on signi®cant attempts to forge links between neurodevelopmental disorders, development of speci®c neuropsychological abilities, and the functional establishment of patterns of brain organization. Such research programs are providing converging evidence for the coherence or dissociability of components of cognition (e.g. language, spatial cognition) and will allow development of theoretical explanations for the underlying architecture of human cognition. Williams syndrome involves focal rather than generalized cognitive de®cits, and offers an important opportunity for linking brain ®ndings to speci®c atypical cognitive pro®les. The unusual neurocognitive pro®le of Williams syndrome makes it a compelling model of the pathways between genes and human cognition. It is becoming clear that the syndrome's unique genomic organization may also make it an important model of human chromosomal evolution and disease. These studies with a speci®c neurodevelopmental disorder that presents a rare dissociation of higher cortical functioning may provide opportunities to explore some of the central issues of cognitive neuroscience that tie cognitive functions to brain organization and ultimately to the human genome.

Bringing plant-based veterinary vaccines to market: Managing regulatory and commercial hurdles

AbstractThe production of recombinant vaccines in plants may help to reduce the burden of veterinary diseases, which cause major economic losses and in some cases can affect human health. While there is abundant research in this area, a knowledge gap exists between the ability to create and evaluate plant-based products in the laboratory, and the ability to take these products on a path to commercialization. The current report, arising from a workshop sponsored by an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Co-operative Research Programme, addresses this gap by providing guidance in planning for the commercialization of plant-made vaccines for animal use. It includes relevant information on developing business plans, assessing market opportunities, manufacturing scale-up, financing, protecting and using intellectual property, and regulatory approval with a focus on Canadian regulations

Negation and the functional sequence

There exists a general restriction on admissible functional sequences which prevents adjacent identical heads. We investigate a particular instantiation of this restriction in the domain of negation. Empirically, it manifests itself as a restriction the stacking of multiple negative morphemes. We propose a principled account of this restriction in terms of the general ban on immediately consecutive identical heads in the functional sequence on the one hand, and the presence of a Neg feature inside negative morphemes on the other hand. The account predicts that the stacking of multiple negative morphemes should be possible provided they are separated by intervening levels of structure. We show that this prediction is borne out

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass