Convictions religieuses et ajustements de la norme commune : raideur théorique et souplesse jurisprudentielle

Si les principes constitutionnels de laïcité et d’égalité semblent s’opposer à la notion d’accommodement telle que la connaît le droit canadien, un examen plus minutieux du droit français en vigueur fait apparaître d’assez nombreuses situations dans lesquelles il est dérogé à la norme commune en vue de satisfaire des demandes religieuses. La norme peut en effet prévoir elle-même des adaptations destinées à répondre à des exigences de ce type et de véritables dérogations ont par ailleurs progressivement été admises par la jurisprudence administrative.While the constitutional principles of laïcité and equality seem to be opposed to the notion of accommodation as known in Canadian law, a closer examination of French law reveals quite a number of situations in which exceptions to the general rule are made in order to satisfy religious demands. The general rule may itself provide for adaptations to meet such requirements and real derogations have also gradually been accepted by administrative case law

L’ordre public et les religions : ordre public, ordre laïque ?

La notion d’ordre public, qui était auparavant appliquée ponctuellement et strictement par le juge, tend depuis quelques années à se substantialiser en n’étant plus seulement un cadre d’expression des libertés publiques, mais une valeur intrinsèque ayant vocation à occuper l’ensemble de l’espace social. Dans ce nouveau paradigme, l’ordre public subit l’attraction du principe de laïcité pour devenir une valeur essentielle qui s’impose aux libertés individuelles s’exprimant publiquement et en particulier à la liberté de religion.The concept of public order, which used to be occasionally and strictly applied by judicial courts, has tended in recent years to become more substantial. It is no longer a mere framework for the expression of public freedoms, but an intrinsic value intended to occupy the entire social space. In this new paradigm, the principle of laïcité weighs on public order, which becomes an essential value that eventually prevails over the expression of individual freedoms and in particular freedom of religion

Le culte aux temps du Corona : la liberté de culte en période d’urgence sanitaire

Introduction L’un des livres du grand romancier colombien Gabriel Garcia Marquez s’intitule L’Amour aux temps du choléra, nous nous interrogerons dans cette chronique sur ce qu’est (devenu) le culte aux temps du Corona. Comme les autres libertés fondamentales (notamment celle d’aller et venir, celle d’entreprendre, celle d’accéder aux œuvres culturelles), la liberté de culte a été atteinte et fortement diminuée par le virus dit « Covid-19 » qui a déjà franchi une décennie. Elle l’a été, à vra..

Introduction

Dans sa décision n° 2012-297 QPC du 21 février 2013, le Conseil constitutionnel a donné la première définition substantielle du principe constitutionnel de laïcité. Selon cette décision, ce principe impose d’abord à l’État d’être neutre et à la République de ne reconnaître et de ne salarier aucun culte. Ce même principe impose ensuite le respect de toutes les croyances et l’égalité de tous les citoyens devant la loi sans distinction de religion. Il impose enfin, à la République toujours, de g..

Purification and Characterization of Trehalase From Acyrthosiphon pisum, a Target for Pest Control.

Insect trehalases are glycoside hydrolases essential for trehalose metabolism and stress resistance. We here report the extraction and purification of Acyrthosiphon pisum soluble trehalase (ApTreh-1), its biochemical and structural characterization, as well as the determination of its kinetic properties. The protein has been purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, first followed by an anion-exchange and then by an affinity chromatography. The SDS-PAGE shows a main band at 70 kDa containing two isoforms of ApTreh-1 (X1 and X2), identified by mass spectrometry and slightly contrasting in the C-terminal region. A phylogenetic tree, a multiple sequence alignment, as well as a modelled 3D-structure were constructed and they all reveal the ApTreh-1 similarity to other insect trehalases, i.e. the two signature motifs (179)PGGRFRELYYWDTY(192) and (479)QWDFPNAWPP(489), a glycine-rich region (549)GGGGEY(554), and the catalytic residues Asp336 and Glu538. The optimum enzyme activity occurs at 45 °C and pH 5.0, with K(m) and V(max) values of ~ 71 mM and ~ 126 µmol/min/mg, respectively. The present structural and functional characterization of soluble A. pisum trehalase enters the development of new strategies to control the aphids pest without significant risk for non-target organisms and human health

Intraoperative Ketorolac and Outcomes after Ovarian Cancer Surgery

The authors want to thank Laurence Beausaert and Monique Kasa-Vubu, coordinating nurses of gynaecological oncology, Magali Alsteen and Véronique Delhaye for the recording of the data and all the nurses from the operating theatre and the hospitalisation unit (U95) of the cliniques universitaire St Luc. We also want to thank the intensive care unit team for the care of our patients.Peer reviewe

The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014

The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014 (IDP2014) is the first publicly available data product of the international GEOTRACES programme, and contains data measured and quality controlled before the end of 2013. It consists of two parts: (1) a compilation of digital data for more than 200 trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) as well as classical hydrographic parameters, and (2) the eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas providing a strongly inter-linked on-line atlas including more than 300 section plots and 90 animated 3D scenes. The IDP2014 covers the Atlantic, Arctic, and Indian oceans, exhibiting highest data density in the Atlantic. The TEI data in the IDP2014 are quality controlled by careful assessment of intercalibration results and multi-laboratory data comparisons at cross-over stations. The digital data are provided in several formats, including ASCII spreadsheet, Excel spreadsheet, netCDF, and Ocean Data View collection. In addition to the actual data values the IDP2014 also contains data quality flags and 1-? data error values where available. Quality flags and error values are useful for data filtering. Metadata about data originators, analytical methods and original publications related to the data are linked to the data in an easily accessible way. The eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas is the visual representation of the IDP2014 data providing section plots and a new kind of animated 3D scenes. The basin-wide 3D scenes allow for viewing of data from many cruises at the same time, thereby providing quick overviews of large-scale tracer distributions. In addition, the 3D scenes provide geographical and bathymetric context that is crucial for the interpretation and assessment of observed tracer plumes, as well as for making inferences about controlling processes

Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Compost non conforme aux exigences prescrites par la loi n° 79-595 du 13 juillet 1979 relative au contrôle des matières fertilisantes et supports de culture. / Exploitation sans autorisation d'une installation soumise à autorisation. / Mise en demeure de régulariser la situation et suspension de l'exploitation. / Absence d'obligation de précéder l'injonction de suspendre d'une procédure contradictoire du fait du caractère conservatoire de cette mesure prévue par l'article L. 514-2 du Code de l'environnement. Cour administrative d'appel de Marseille, 4 décembre 2008, Société Terreaux Service Varrone (TSV), n° 07MA01284. Avec conclusions

Dieu Frédéric. Compost non conforme aux exigences prescrites par la loi n° 79-595 du 13 juillet 1979 relative au contrôle des matières fertilisantes et supports de culture. / Exploitation sans autorisation d'une installation soumise à autorisation. / Mise en demeure de régulariser la situation et suspension de l'exploitation. / Absence d'obligation de précéder l'injonction de suspendre d'une procédure contradictoire du fait du caractère conservatoire de cette mesure prévue par l'article L. 514-2 du Code de l'environnement. Cour administrative d'appel de Marseille, 4 décembre 2008, Société Terreaux Service Varrone (TSV), n° 07MA01284. Avec conclusions. In: Revue Juridique de l'Environnement, n°3, 2009. pp. 347-358