Riscos ambientais e segurança do coletor no extrativismo do fruto de açaízeiro na Amazônia Oriental

The extraction of non-timber forest products in the Amazon is an activity that exposes workers to environmental risks that can affect their health and safety at work. The aim of this study was to identify the environmental risks and the psychophysiological and physical impacts of the collection of the açaizeiro fruit on workers in eastern Amazon. The study was carried out by applying semi-open questionnaires and structured interviews based on protocols of the Ergolândia version 6.0 software to 33 collectors in Ilha do Combú, Belém, Pará state. The physical risks identified were: ultraviolet radiation (12 h of sunlight), average annual relative humidity of 71.9% and heat with IBUTG of 24.4ºC. The fear of falling down from the açaizeiro tree, venomous animals, height and the high physical effort required to climb the palm tree were the main difficulties pointed out by extractivists. The risks of accidents were identified: snake, maribondo, scorpion, spider, açaizeiro fall, cuts, scratches and muscular torsion. The cargo transported by the 30 kg collectors meets the requirements of current legislation. The parts of the bodyO extrativismo de produtos florestais não madeireiros na Amazônia é uma atividade que expõe o trabalhador a riscos ambientais que podem afetar sua saúde e sua segurança no trabalho. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os riscos ambientais e os impactos psicofisiológicos e físicos da coleta do fruto do açaizeiro no trabalhador da Amazônia Oriental. O Estudo foi realizado pela aplicação de questionários semiabertos e entrevistas estruturadas baseadas a partir de protocolos do software Ergolândia versão 6.0 a 33 coletores na Ilha do Combú, Belém/PA. Os riscos físicos identificados foram: radiação ultravioleta (12 h de sol), umidade relativa média anual de 71,9% e calor com IBUTG de 24,4ºC. O medo da queda do açaizeiro, animais peçonhentos, altura e o alto esforço físico requerido para escalar a palmeira foram as principais dificuldades apontadas pelos extrativistas. Foram identificados os riscos de acidentes: cobra, maribondo, escorpião, aranha, queda do açaizeiro, cortes, arranhões e torção muscular. A carga de 30 quilos, transportada pelos coletores, atende ao estabelecido pela legislação vigente. As partes do corpo que os extrativistas sentem dores com frequência durante e após a atividade foram: a parte inferior das costas, pés e dedos, mãos e dedos, membros superiores, ombro, punho, trapézio, cabeça e peito, pescoço, antebraço, cotovelo, panturrilha, tornozelo e joelho. O protocolo de Moore e Garg classificou a atividade como de alto risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças ocupacionais com Strain Index de 13,5 e 10,12 na safra e entressafra, respectivamente, e o protocolo de Lehmann como um trabalho fatigante. A OWAS indicou a categoria de ação 4 com adoção de correções imediatas na postura da coluna, membros superiores e pernas dos extrativistas

USO DO MODELO AQUACROP PARA O FEIJÃO-CAUPI CULTIVADO SOB DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO EM CASTANHAL-PA

O feijão-caupi possui grande importância socioeconômica para a população, principalmente a de baixa renda. O modelo AquaCrop foi calibrado e validado para analisar a sua eficiência na simulação do teor de água no solo, produção de biomassa e produtividade do feijão-caupi sob diferentes disponibilidades hídricas no nordeste paraense. O experimento foi realizado na fazenda escola da UFRA-Castanhal, com a cultivar BR3-Tracuateua submetida a quatro tratamentos (T100, T50, T25 e T0), correspondentes à reposição da água perdida pela (ETc) durante a fase reprodutiva, em seis blocos ao acaso. Para a parametrização e calibração do modelo foi utilizado dados coletados em campo nos anos de 2015/2016. O seu desempenho foi avaliado pelos parâmetros estatísticos (RMSE, r², d, c e Ef). O modelo subestimou a biomassa dos tratamentos (T50, T25 e T0), entretanto a biomassa simulada apresentou alta correlação com a observada em todos os tratamentos, bem como um alto índice de desempenho. No geral, o modelo simulou bem a produtividade nos diferentes tratamentos e seus valores apresentaram alta correlação com os dados observados (r2 = 0,99), demonstrando um ótimo desempenho na simulação da produtividade do feijão-caupi (c = 0,98). O desempenho diminuiu em decorrência da lâmina aplicada (T100 > T0), não afetando sua eficiência (Ef > 0,67), decorrente da alta correlação (r² > 0,74) entre os valores observados e simulados e pelos erros de estimativa (RMSE < 20%) aceitáveis, viabilizando seu uso na simulação da biomassa, rendimento além de poder ser usado na simulação do teor de água no solo em Castanhal-PA

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. INTERPRETATION: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r= 0.88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r= 0.83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r= 0.77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28.6 to 94.6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40.7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39.0-42.8) in 1990 to 53.7 (52.2-55.4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21.2 in 1990 to 20.1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73.8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-systemcharacteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Estimativa do balanço de energia e das necessidades termohídricas do açaizeiro irrigado no Leste da Amazônia.

A valorização econômica, a crescente demanda pelos produtos oriundos do açaizeiro e a busca pela redução na pressão sobre os ecossistemas de várzea vem promovendo desde a década de 90 a expansão do cultivo de açaí para áreas de terra firme. Entretanto, diversos questionamentos foram criados durante o processo de expansão da cultura, dentre os quais, se pode destacar: quais seriam as exigências térmicas e hídricas para a cultura, bem como qual seria a variabilidade sazonal do particionamento do balanço de energia em um plantio de açaí irrigado. Para elucidar estes questionamentos, foi realizado um experimento no município de Capitão Poço em um plantio de açaí de 10 hectares entre os anos de 2017 e 2019, onde foi instalada uma torre micrometeorológica no centro da área experimental para o monitoramento de diversas variáveis meteorológicas. Posteriormente, avaliaram-se as temperaturas basais inferiores (Tb) e superiores (TB) através do método dos graus-dias, bem como, as durações e as necessidades térmicas para os diferentes estádios fenológicos. O consumo hídrico e o coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) foram obtidos pelo balanço de energia através do método da razão de Bowen, onde particionou-se a energia disponível em calor no solo (G), calor sensível (H), calor latente (LE) e calor armazenado no dossel vegetal (Sdv). As temperaturas basais variaram ao longo do ciclo, sendo o estádio de floração o mais sensível com amplitude térmica entre Tb e TB de 18,73 °C. A duração média do ciclo reprodutivo do açaizeiro foi de 316 dias com necessidade térmica total de 4545,98 graus-dias. No plantio de açaí, a energia disponível particiona-se em média de 67% para evapotranspiração, 29% para aquecer o ar e 4% para aquecer o solo. O efeito do calor armazenado no dossel do açaizeiro é irrelevante por representar menos de 0,2% da energia disponível. Observou-se que o açaizeiro apresenta variação no consumo hídrico durante todo o ciclo, com média diária de 3,48 mm dia-1 e consumo médio total de 1064,85 mm, já o Kc do açaí é máximo durante o estádio de fruto verde, quando se tem o crescimento dos frutos e mínimo durante a pré-floração. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram a importância do correto manejo da irrigação no açaizeiro, pois permitem projetar de forma adequada protocolos de gerenciamento de água mais adequados as necessidades hídricas da cultura, aumentando o uso eficiente da água pela cultura o que consequentemente acarreta em ganhos econômicos para o produtor.The economic appreciation, the growing demand for products from the acai tree and the seeking for reducing pressure on the floodplain ecosystems have been promoting the expansion of acai cultivation to upland areas since the 90's. However, several questions were created during the expansion process of the crop, between which, some stand out: what would be the thermal and water requirements for the crop? As well as what would be the seasonal variability of the energy balance partitioning in a plantation of irrigated acai? In order to approach these questions, an experiment was carried out in the municipality of Capitão Poço, over a 10-hectare acai plantation between 2017 and 2019, where a micrometeorological tower was installed in the center of the experimental area to monitor several meteorological variables. Subsequently, the lower (Tb) and upper (TB) basal temperatures were evaluated through the degree-days method, as well as the thermal durations and requirements for the different phenological stages. The water consumption and the cultivation coefficient (Kc) were obtained by the energy budget through the Bowen ratio method, in which the energy available in heat in the soil (G), the sensitive heat (H), the heat latent (LE) and the heat stored in the plant canopy (Sdv) were partitioned. Basal temperatures varied throughout the cycle, with the flowering stage being the most sensitive with thermal amplitude between Tb and TB of 18.73 ° C. The average duration of the acai tree reproductive cycle was 316 days with a total thermal requirement of 4,545.98 degree-days. In the acai planting, the available energy is divided by an average of 67% for evapotranspiration, 29% for heating the air and 4% for heating the soil. The effect of the heat stored in the acai tree canopy is irrelevant because it represents less than 0.2% of the available energy. Regarding the results, the acai tree presents a variation in water consumption throughout the cycle, with a daily average of 3.48 mm day-1 and a total average consumption of 1064.85 mm, whereas the Kc of acai is maximum during the green fruit stage, when there is the fruit growth, and minimal during the pre-flowering. Therefore, the research results show the importance of the correct irrigation management for the acai trees, as they allow us to design water management protocols more adequately to the water needs of the crop. Thus, increasing the efficient use of water by the crop which consequently leads to economic gains for the producer

WATER DEMAND, CROP COEFFICIENT AND UNCOUPLING FACTOR OF COWPEA IN THE EASTERN AMAZON

Cowpea has great socioeconomic importance in the northeastern part of Pará state. However, in order to provide suitable irrigation management during the dry period this region requires solid information regarding water demand by regional crops. This research aims to determine the water demand, the crop coefficient (Kc) and the uncoupling factor during the different development stages of cowpea in the northeast of Pará. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was measured by drainage lysimeters. This information was coupled to the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) to obtain the crop coefficients, which were used to adjust the model function of accumulated degree-days and the leaf area index (LAI). The uncoupling factor was estimated to indicate the factors that control evapotranspiration. The ETc values reached a cumulative total of 267.73 mm ± 10.21 mm during the cowpea cycle. The average value of the uncoupling factor was 0.66. This indicates that the cowpea crop does not fully uncouple from the atmosphere underneath the climatic conditions in northeast Pará. The cowpea Kc values presented averages of 0.8, 1.4 and 0.8 in the vegetative phase, reproductive phase and final stage, respectively. The Gaussian model showed an excellent fit for the estimation of Kc values based on accumulated degree days and the LAI. These amounts differ from others found in the literature. Therefore, it reinforces the necessity for an assessment of crop coefficients under local conditions and for the employment of more precise methods

Temperaturas basais e exigências térmicas do açaizeiro na Amazônia Oriental

The objective of this work was to determine the base temperatures, thermal time requirements, and length of the main reproductive growth stages of acai palm (Euterpe oleracea) in the northeast of the state of Pará, in eastern Amazon, Brazil. The experiment was carried out from 2017 to 2019 in a 10 ha acai plantation, using the time-series analysis. Plant phenology was monitored weekly, and local weather conditions were monitored daily. The lower and upper base temperatures were of 12.92 and 32.46°C, respectively, for pre-flowering; 13.50 and 32.23°C for flowering; 12.14 and 32.55°C for green fruit stage; 11.64 and 32.78°C for fruit color-changing stage; and 11.23 and 32.94°C for maturation. The thermal time requirement and the average cycle length for the ideal harvest time of acai palm were 3,893.15 degree-days and 283 days, respectively. The thermal time requirement and the duration of the reproductive growth stage for acai palm are influenced by the period of the year and the variability of air temperature, which, when high, reduces the cycle of the crop, and when mild, increases it.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as temperaturas basais, as necessidades térmicas e a duração dos principais estádios fenológicos reprodutivos do açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea) no Nordeste do estado do Pará, na Amazônia Oriental, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado de 2017 a 2019, em plantio de açaizeiro de 10 ha, tendo-se utilizado análise de série temporal. A fenologia das plantas foi monitorada semanalmente, e as condições meteorológicas dos locais foram monitoradas diariamente. As temperaturas basais inferiores e superiores foram de 12,92 e 32,46°C, respectivamente, na prefloração; 13,50 e 32,23°C na floração; 12,14 e 32,55°C no estádio de frutos verdes; 11,64 e 32,78°C no estádio de mudança de cor dos frutos; e 11,23 e 32,94°C na maturação. A exigência térmica e a duração média para o ponto ideal de colheita do açaí foram de 3.893,15 graus-dias e 283 dias, respectivamente. A exigência térmica e a duração dos estádios da fase reprodutiva do açaizeiro são influenciadas pelo período do ano e pela variabilidade da temperatura do ar, que, quando elevada, reduz o ciclo da cultura, e, quando amena, o estende

Radiation Use Efficiency for Cowpea Subjected to Different Irrigation Depths Under the Climatic Conditions of the Northeast Of Pará State

Abstract This study aims to determine the cowpea efficiency in absorbing and using solar radiation according to different irrigation depths under the climatic conditions of the northeast of Pará State. The experiment was carried out on 2014 and 2016 in an experimental design of randomized blocks, which consisted in six blocks with four treatments, in which different irrigation depths the reproductive phase were applied, as follows: T100, T50, T25 e T0, that corresponded to 100%, 50%, 25% e 0% of the crop evapotranspiration, respectively. The absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, leaf area index (LAI), total aerial dry matter (TADM) and grain yield were measured. The extinction coefficient (k) was obtained by nonlinear regression between the fraction of absorbed PAR (fPARinter) and the LAI. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) was calculated by linear regression between the TADM and the accumulated absorbed PAR. The water deficit imposed by the treatments had a significant influence on the LAI, TADM and cowpea yields. The water deficit did not significantly influenced k – it ranged between 0.83 for T100 and 0.70 for T0. The RUE showed significant behaviors regarding the treatments with adequate water supply and treatments under water deficit, ranging from 2.23 to 1.64 g·MJ-1, respectively