Tri-layer self-aligned structure indium gallium zinc oxide thin film transistor with optical synaptic plasticity

Since the 1950s, computer computing has been governed by the von Neumann architecture, which allows data to be transmitted across the processor and memory for computation. Nowadays, the demand for large amounts of information transmission has limited the processing speed by the memory bandwidth and generated higher power consumption. The Human brain can perform high-speed operation, store and calculate as one, so the human neuromorphic computation is the next-generation architecture to solve the “von Neumann bottleneck” [1- 2]. In this work, we have successfully developed tri-layer self-aligned structure indium gallium oxide (IGZO) thinfilm transistors (TFTs) with optical-synaptic plasticity. The channel conductance of IGZO TFTs would be modulated after the pulse voltage input from gate electrode. Please click Download on the upper right corner to see the full abstract

GAP-type low-temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors for light sensing photo-transistor application

Recently, ultra-high resolution with biometric recognitions such as fingerprint sensing has been a major trend throughout the whole display industry. In order to meet the needs of high screen ratio, high sensitivity to read out, low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) is considered one of the candidates for sensing application. Unlike photodiode, LTPS photo-transistor structured as transistor makes it possible to sensing under different region (off-state or on state) with relatively small sensing area. Please click Download on the upper right corner to see the full abstract

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field