Síntesis del desempeño macroeconómico y sectorial en 1993.

A fin de contribuir a que el proceso de generación y transferencia de tecnología que adelanta la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), sea económica, social y ecológicamente adecuado, se hacen estudios de seguimiento de la actividad económica nacional con énfasis en el sector agropecuario, para tal efecto se establece un balance macroeconómico y sectorial de 1993, con base en consultas de fuentes de información oficial (DANE, Ministerio de Agricultura, SAC y CEGA). Se hace una síntesis de las diversas posiciones que se originaron de la interpretación de los fenómenos socioeconómicos. Se hace un análisis del comportamiento macroeconómico, se muestran los principales indicadores del desempeño sectorial y se exponen las principales conclusiones relacionadas con el desarrollo tecnológico. Se analiza el comportamiento del producto interno bruto, el empleo, la información, aspectos monetarios y cambiarios, el comportamiento del producto interno bruto agropecuario, del comercio exterior, el crédito y la producción agrícola y pecuaria en sus principales renglones de explotación. Se pone de manifiesto el modesto crecimiento del sector agropecuario en 1993 que según el Ministerio de Agricultura fué de 3.1 por ciento y según la SAC del 2,2 por cient

Situación macroeconómica y sectorial en 1994, situación actual y perpectivas 1995.

Análisis coyunturales de la política macroeconómica y sectorial, en donde se estudian las principales tendencias de la actividad económica en general, pero haciendo énfasis en los resultados observados en el sector agropecuario. El informe comprende cinco secciones: en la primera se hace un balance del desempeño macroeconómico en 1994, en la segunda se analiza el comportamiento del sector agropecuario en 1994, en la tercera se hace una revisión de los pronósticos para 1995, en la cuarta se indica el comportamiento macro y sectorial en el primer semestre y en la quinta se enuncian las conclusiones del estudio en su conjunt

Resultados encuesta sondeo de opinión de las expectativas del sector público y privado sobre los problemas del agro y del campo de acción de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria.

Para conocer el concepto que en el sector público y privado así como en el sector agropecuario en general se tiene sobre el nuevo modelo institucional de investigación de CORPOICA y las expectativas que crea, se adelantó un estudio a manera de sondeo de opinión orientado a dirigentes de los gremios del sector para determinar áreas globales de investigación y transferencia de la Corporación. Se exponen los conceptos de competitividad, sostenibilidad y equidad como pilares básicos de la nueva estrategia de investigación y se enfoca la problemática global del sector agropecuario en torno a los costos de producción. Se analizan y discuten los resultados obtenidos del estudio en relación con los costos de post-cosecha y comercialización de productos e insumos. El uso de recursos y orientación de la tecnología para mejorar la competitividad, sostenibilidad y equidad del sector agropecuario. Igualmente se discuten los resultados obtenidos del estudio en cuanto a políticas macroeconómicas y agropecuarias de apoyo al sector y los factores institucionales que limitan el desarrollo del sector agropecuario. Finalmente se presentan las opiniones de los entrevistados en cuanto a la interrelación de la Nueva Corporación con Instituciones Públicas y privadas. Se pone de manifiesto la importancia que los encuestados asignan a las políticas macroeconómicas en el desarrollo sectoria

Alzheimer\u27s Disease (AD)-Like Pathology in Aged Monkeys after Infantile Exposure to Environmental Metal Lead (Pb): Evidence for a Developmental Origin and Environmental Link for AD

The sporadic nature of Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) argues for an environmental link that may drive AD pathogenesis; however, the triggering factors and the period of their action are unknown. Recent studies in rodents have shown that exposure to lead (Pb) during brain development predetermined the expression and regulation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its amyloidogenic β-amyloid (Aβ) product in old age. Here, we report that the expression of AD-related genes [APP, BACE1 (β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1)] as well as their transcriptional regulator (Sp1) were elevated in aged (23-year-old) monkeys exposed to Pb as infants. Furthermore, developmental exposure to Pb altered the levels, characteristics, and intracellular distribution of Aβ staining and amyloid plaques in the frontal association cortex. These latent effects were accompanied by a decrease in DNA methyltransferase activity and higher levels of oxidative damage to DNA, indicating that epigenetic imprinting in early life influenced the expression of AD-related genes and promoted DNA damage and pathogenesis. These data suggest that AD pathogenesis is influenced by early life exposures and argue for both an environmental trigger and a developmental origin of AD

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (−9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth’s climate

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication