57 research outputs found
The cost of infection : Argulus foliaceus and its impact on the swimming performance of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
For fish, there can be multiple consequences of parasitic infections, including the physical impacts on swimming and the pathological costs of infection. This study utilised the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the ectoparasitic fish louse, Argulus foliaceus, to assess both physical (including form drag and mass) and pathological effects of infection. Both sustained (prolonged swimming within an open channel flume) and burst (C-start) swimming performance were measured on individual fish before (Trials 1-2) and after infection (Trials 3-5). Experimental infection occurred shortly before the third trial, when the physical impacts of infection could be separated from any subsequent pathology as transmission of adult parasites causes instantaneous drag effects prior to observable pathology. Despite the relatively large size of the parasite and corresponding increase in hydrodynamic drag for the host, there were no observable physical effects of infection on either sustained or burst host swimming. In contrast, parasite-induced pathology is the most likely explanation for reduced swimming performance across both tests. All sticklebacks displayed a preference for flow refugia, swimming in low velocity regions of the flume, and this preference increased with both flow rate and infection time. This study suggests that even with large, physically demanding parasites their induced pathology is of greater concern than direct physical impact
Analytical model for the calculation of lateral velocity distributions in potential cross-sections
[EN] The hydraulic modeling of water depth and flow velocities in open channel flows that were fitted by power-law cross-section stand out for their versatility, allowing their use in numerous practical applications, both in natural and artificial channels. The determination of the hydraulic variables of depth and average velocity has been widely studied in potential cross-sections; however, the variation seen in these variables along the cross-section was not found in the literature. Knowledge of this variation allows the development of studies (e.g. to know the approximate damage in different areas of the cross-section, to analyse sediment transport, or other applications in river hydraulics). This paper presents a methodology which allows calculation of the hydraulic variables in any area of a power-law cross-section. The methodology is applied to symmetrical cross-sections, comparing its generated results with the obtained values by different computational hydraulic codes, which are thoroughly accepted by scientific community, such as CES, HEC-RAS and IBER. The obtained predictions of hydraulic parameters (using the explicit formulation described in this research) present very low errors when compared with results of other models, with great computational cost. These errors reach a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13 and 0.05 in the determination of velocities' lateral distribution and the ratio between velocity and average velocity. These values indicate a very successful validation for the analysed symmetrical sections.[ES] La modelizaciĂłn hidrĂĄulica de calados y velocidades de flujo, en cauces con secciones que admiten
una representaciĂłn de tipo potencial, se destaca por su versatilidad, permitiendo su utilizaciĂłn en
numerosas aplicaciones prĂĄcticas tanto en canales naturales como artificiales. El cĂĄlculo de las
variables hidrĂĄulicas (calado y velocidad media) ha sido ampliamente estudiado para este tipo de
secciones. Sin embargo, en la literatura técnica no se han encontrado estudios que muestren la
variaciĂłn de estas magnitudes a lo largo de la secciĂłn transversal. El conocimiento de esta variaciĂłn
permite desarrollar estudios (ejemplo: conocer de manera aproximada los daños en diferentes zonas
de la secciĂłn, analizar el transporte de sedimentos, estudiar los procesos de erosiĂłn u otras aplicaciones en hidrĂĄulica fluvial). Presentamos una metodologĂa que permite el cĂĄlculo de las variables
hidrĂĄulicas en cualquier zona de una secciĂłn tipo potencial. La metodologĂa es aplicada a secciones
simétricas, comparando los resultados generados con los obtenidos por diferentes códigos
hidrĂĄulicos computacionales ampliamente aceptados por la comunidad cientĂfica (p-e- CES, HECRAS e IBER). Las predicciones de los parĂĄmetros hidrĂĄulicos obtenidas (usando la formulaciĂłn
explĂcita descrita en este artĂculo) presentan errores muy bajos, en comparaciĂłn con otros modelos
con mayor costo computacional. Estos errores alcanzan un valor promedio para la raĂz del error
cuadrĂĄtico medio (RMSE) en el cĂĄlculo de la distribuciĂłn lateral de velocidades de 0.13 y de 0.05, en el
cĂĄlculo de la relaciĂłn de velocidades respecto a la velocidad media. Estos valores indican una
validaciĂłn muy satisfactoria para las secciones simĂ©tricas analizadas.SĂĄnchez-Romero, F.; PĂ©rez-SĂĄnchez, M.; LĂłpez JimĂ©nez, PA. (2018). Modelo analĂtico para el cĂĄlculo de distribuciones de velocidad laterales en secciones tipo potencial-ley. RIBAGUA - Revista Iberoamericana del Agua. 5(1):29-47. doi:10.1080/23863781.2018.1442189S29475
Centennial climate variability in the British Isles during the mid-late Holocene
Reproduced with permission of the publisher. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier LtdMulti-millennial climate changes were relatively minor over the midâlate Holocene in the British Isles, because orbitally forced insolation changes were smaller than those at higher latitudes. Centennial climate variability is thus likely to have exerted a greater influence on the environment and human society of the region. Proxy-climate records from the British Isles covering the last 4500 years are assembled and re-evaluated with the aim of identifying centennial climate variability reflected by multi-proxy indicators. The proxies include bog oak populations, peatland surface wetness, flooding episodes from fluvial deposits, speleothem annual band width and oxygen isotopes, chironomids from lake sediments and sand and dune deposition. Most proxies reflect water balance rather than temperature alone, and records predominantly reflect warm season climate. A series of 12 key periods of enhanced precipitationâevaporation (P-E) are identified by their presence in two or more proxy records. Variability in P-E is much greater than that shown by temperature proxies and there is no necessary association between warm/cool and dry/wet periods. Although the data for temperature are less robust than those for P-E, a series of key temperature changes are proposed based on speleothem ÎŽ18O and chironomid inferred July temperature records; relatively cool before c. 3100 years BP, warmer (3100â2000 years BP), cool (2000â1250 cal years BP), warm (1250â650 cal years BP), and cool (650 cal years BP onwards). Some key increases in P-E (2750, 1650, 550 cal years BP) show a strong correspondence with âBond cyclesâ in ocean proxy records for increased ice rafted debris, decreased summer sea surface temperatures and sometimes decreased North Atlantic deep water circulation. Other higher frequency changes in P-E are also strongly related to SST variability. Whilst some of the main changes to cooler SSTs and increased P-E are approximately coincident with reduced solar output, most are not and thus must be the result of the internal dynamics of the ocean and atmosphere. Future work should concentrate on firmly establishing the pattern of temperature change, improving chronological accuracy and precision in existing records and improving process-based understanding of proxies
Geobiology of the late Paleoproterozoic Duck Creek Formation, Western Australia
The ca. 1.8 Ga Duck Creek Formation, Western Australia, preserves 1000 m of carbonates and minor iron formation that accumulated along a late Paleoproterozoic ocean margin. Two upward-deepening stratigraphic packages are preserved, each characterized by peritidal precipitates at the base and iron formation and carbonate turbidites in its upper part. Consistent with recent studies of Neoarchean basins, carbon isotope ratios of Duck Creek carbonates show no evidence for a strong isotopic depth gradient, but carbonate minerals in iron formations can be markedly depleted in C-13. In contrast, oxygen isotopes covary strongly with depth; delta O-18 values as positive as 2%. VPDB in peritidal facies systematically decline to values of 6 to 16% in basinal rocks, reflecting, we posit, the timing of diagenetic closure. The Duck Creek Formation contains microfossils similar to those of the Gunflint Formation, Canada; they are restricted to early diagenetic cherts developed in basinal facies, strengthening the hypothesis that such fossils capture communities driven by iron metabolism. Indeed, X-ray diffraction data indicate that the Duck Creek basin was ferruginous throughout its history. The persistence of ferruginous waters and iron formation deposition in Western Australia for at least several tens of millions of years after the transition to sulfidic conditions in Laurentia suggests that the late Paleoproterozoic expansion of sulfidic subsurface waters was globally asynchronous
South Atlantic intermediate water advances into the North-east Atlantic with reduced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last glacial period
The Nd isotopic composition (epsilon Nd) of seawater and cold-water coral (CWC) samples from the Gulf of Cadiz and the Alboran Sea, at a depth of 280-827 m were investigated in order to constrain middepth water mass dynamics within the Gulf of Cadiz over the past 40 ka. epsilon Nd of glacial and Holocene CWC from the Alboran Sea and the northern Gulf of Cadiz reveals relatively constant values (-8.6 to -9.0 and -9.5 to -10.4, respectively). Such values are similar to those of the surrounding present-day middepth waters from the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW; epsilon Nd approximate to -9.4) and Mediterranean Sea Water (MSW; epsilon Nd approximate to -9.9). In contrast, glacial epsilon Nd values for CWC collected at thermocline depth (550-827 m) in the southern Gulf of Cadiz display a higher average value (-8.90.4) compared to the present-day value (-11.70.3). This implies a higher relative contribution of water masses of Mediterranean (MSW) or South Atlantic origin (East Antarctic Intermediate Water, EAAIW). Our study has produced the first evidence of significant radiogenic epsilon Nd values (approximate to -8) at 19, 23-24, and 27 ka, which are coeval with increasing iceberg discharges and a weakening of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Since MOW epsilon Nd values remained stable during the last glacial period, it is suggested that these radiogenic epsilon Nd values most likely reflect an enhanced northward propagation of glacial EAAIW into the eastern Atlantic Basin
Data Descriptor: A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era
Reproducible climate reconstructions of the Common Era (1 CE to present) are key to placing industrial-era warming into the context of natural climatic variability. Here we present a community-sourced database of temperature-sensitive proxy records from the PAGES2k initiative. The database gathers 692 records from 648 locations, including all continental regions and major ocean basins. The records are from trees, ice, sediment, corals, speleothems, documentary evidence, and other archives. They range in length from 50 to 2000 years, with a median of 547 years, while temporal resolution ranges from biweekly to centennial. Nearly half of the proxy time series are significantly correlated with HadCRUT4.2 surface temperature over the period 1850-2014. Global temperature composites show a remarkable degree of coherence between high-and low-resolution archives, with broadly similar patterns across archive types, terrestrial versus marine locations, and screening criteria. The database is suited to investigations of global and regional temperature variability over the Common Era, and is shared in the Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format, including serializations in Matlab, R and Python.(TABLE)Since the pioneering work of D'Arrigo and Jacoby1-3, as well as Mann et al. 4,5, temperature reconstructions of the Common Era have become a key component of climate assessments6-9. Such reconstructions depend strongly on the composition of the underlying network of climate proxies10, and it is therefore critical for the climate community to have access to a community-vetted, quality-controlled database of temperature-sensitive records stored in a self-describing format. The Past Global Changes (PAGES) 2k consortium, a self-organized, international group of experts, recently assembled such a database, and used it to reconstruct surface temperature over continental-scale regions11 (hereafter, ` PAGES2k-2013').This data descriptor presents version 2.0.0 of the PAGES2k proxy temperature database (Data Citation 1). It augments the PAGES2k-2013 collection of terrestrial records with marine records assembled by the Ocean2k working group at centennial12 and annual13 time scales. In addition to these previously published data compilations, this version includes substantially more records, extensive new metadata, and validation. Furthermore, the selection criteria for records included in this version are applied more uniformly and transparently across regions, resulting in a more cohesive data product.This data descriptor describes the contents of the database, the criteria for inclusion, and quantifies the relation of each record with instrumental temperature. In addition, the paleotemperature time series are summarized as composites to highlight the most salient decadal-to centennial-scale behaviour of the dataset and check mutual consistency between paleoclimate archives. We provide extensive Matlab code to probe the database-processing, filtering and aggregating it in various ways to investigate temperature variability over the Common Era. The unique approach to data stewardship and code-sharing employed here is designed to enable an unprecedented scale of investigation of the temperature history of the Common Era, by the scientific community and citizen-scientists alike
- âŠ