Lemongrass and Cinnamon Essential Oils as Vitamin C Preservatives and Flavour Enhancers in Jam

Lemongrass and cinnamon essential oils (LEO and CEO) are natural oils with high anti-oxidation capacity, pleasant flavour, and various health benefits. Their ability to preservevitamin C and flavour in jam have not been tested. In this study the performance of twoessential oils (EOs) in preserving vitamin C and improving jam flavour were investigated.The EOs were produced by hydro-steam distillation of fresh lemongrasses and cinnamonleaves using a Clevenger apparatus. Jam samples were dosed with various concentrationsof either single or mixed EOs and then stored at either room or refrigeration temperature.Samples were analysed for changes in vitamin C content and flavour, after every 10 daysfor 60 days. Vitamin C content was determined using 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol visualtitration method, whereas sensory analysis was done by five semi trained panellists. It wasrevealed that both LEO and CEO have high potential to reduce loss of vitamin C andimpart better flavour in pineapple jam. The improved quality of the jam is due to anti-microbial and anti-oxidant effects of the essential oils as reported in literature. Mixing theEOs had synergistic effect which maximizes their potential to reduce vitamin C loss withlower dose than when used individually. Mixed EOs doses also enhanced the jam flavour

Strategies in Loan Phonology

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 78-8

The causative–instrumental syncretism

Causative and applicative morphemes have been central in work on the morphosyntax of argument structure. However, several genetically unrelated languages use a single, syncretic form for both functions, which complicates the traditional view that a causative adds a new subject and an applicative adds a new object. In this paper, I propose an analysis of a morphological syncretism found in the Bantu language Kinyarwanda where the morphological causative and instrumental applicative are both realized by the morpheme –ish. I argue for Kinyarwanda that both causation and the introduction of an instrument are analyzable as two outgrowths of the same semantic notion of introducing a new link into the causal chain described by the verb. The different causative and instrumental readings derive from underspecification of the position of the new link in the causal chain, although its placement is restricted via general constraints on possible event types as well as constraints on verb meaning and argument realization. This analysis provides an explanation for the presence of the causative–instrumental syncretism as well as provides insight into the interface between verb meaning and valency-changing morphology

Language endangerment and language documentation in Africa

Non peer reviewe

Agreement and Word Order: A Case for Pragmatics in Haya

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 89-9

Underlying Representations and Bantu Segmental Phonology

Underlying Representations and Bantu Segmental Phonolog