Le parcours à l’œuvre. Temps, espace et déplacement dans l’œuvre de Matthew Barney

On examinera en quoi la pratique de Matthew Barney est ouverte à des temporalités multiples. Nous analyserons comment ses œuvres reposent sur une approche temporelle processuelle inspirée du biologique. Nous verrons comment processus de développement corporel et processus poïétiques viennent à se confondre, impliquant dans l’œuvre de Barney une création par la contrainte, dans la résistance. Enfin, nous verrons comment la création, la performance et même la présentation de ces œuvres ont à voir avec le parcours, véritable exercice de création dans le temps et l’espace.We will see how Matthew Barney’s art is opened to multiple temporalities. We will analyse how his artworks are grounded on a biologically inspired processual time approach. We will see how growing processes and poietic processes tend to merge, involving in Barney’s artworks the idea of creating under restraint, through resistance. Finally, we will see how the creation, performance and even the exhibition of these artworks are connected to the concept of path/travel as a genuine exercice of creation through time and space

Représenter l’irreprésentable : l’adaptation vidéoludique de l’oeuvre d’H.P. Lovecraft confrontée à la question de la figurabilité

This study focuses on the adaptations of Howard Philip Lovecraft’s work in video games and the difficulty of representing it through images. After a quick analysis of a corpus of video games borrowing from Lovecraft, this text engages in more detail in the analysis of the games Call of Cthulhu (Cyanide 2018) and The Sinking City (Frogwares 2019) in order to identify the devices used to adapt visually the issues specific to his work. The visualization modes and the plastic games intended to make possible the paradox of the visibility of the unspeakable necessarily imposed on any transcription by the image of the creations of H. P. Lovecraft are identified. The failures inherent in the chosen methods are identified and confronted with the pictorial currents directly cited by the author. Thus, cubism and futurism, through the formal and conceptual dimensions that structure these currents, allow us to consider the possibility of adopting a relationship to representation that can be placed on the border between the representable and the unrepresentable, in order to resolve, perhaps, the question of the figuration of what cannot be shown.Cette étude s’arrête sur les adaptations de l’oeuvre d’Howard Philip Lovecraft en jeu vidéo et la difficulté de sa retranscription par l’image. Après une analyse rapide d’un corpus de jeux vidéo empruntant à Lovecraft, ce texte procède plus en détail à l’analyse des jeux Call of Cthulhu (Cyanide 2018) et The Sinking City (Frogwares 2019) afin de cerner les procédés qui y sont employés pour mettre en image les enjeux propres à son oeuvre. Sont dégagés les modes de mise en image et les jeux plastiques destinés à rendre possible la survenue du paradoxe de la visibilité de l’indicible s’imposant nécessairement à toute transcription par l’image des créations d’H. P. Lovecraft. Après le constat des lacunes inhérentes aux méthodes choisies, celles-ci sont ensuite confrontées à des courants picturaux cités directement par l’auteur. Ainsi, le cubisme et le futurisme, à travers les dimensions formelles et conceptuelles qui structurent ces courants, permettent d’envisager la possibilité d’adopter un rapport à la représentation à même de se placer à la lisière entre le représentable et l’irreprésentable, pour résoudre, peut-être, la question de la figuration de ce qui ne peut être montré

Ambivalence du tourisme vidéoludique: Quelles dynamiques pour les voyages au coeur des sociétés virtuelles ?

International audienceRésumé : Voyager au cœur des sociétés virtuelles relève d’une activité touristique ambivalente conditionnée par les sous-genres vidéoludiques. Si le level-design des GTA-like (pour Grand Theft Auto) transforme la ville en monde ouvert où le joueur peut vivre par procuration et interagir avec ses habitants, celui de la série horrifique Silent Hill oblige à s’orienter dans des zones-mortes dénuées de tissu social. Avec cette ambivalence, le tourisme des GTA-like se transforme dans Silent Hill en dark tourism et modifie dès lors les usages qu’il est possible d’adopter dans ces mondes virtuels. Ces expériences vidéoludiques singulières liées aux pratiques touristiques mettent en lumière l’importance de la relation que joueurs et joueuses tissent au fil des parties avec l’espace de jeu. De manière plus globale, elles permettent de délimiter les contours des pratiques spatiales vidéoludiques articulées autour des notions d’immersion et/ou de parcours.Abstract:Traveling into the heart of virtual societies is an ambivalent tourist activity conditioned by gaming subgenera. If GTA-like level-design transforms the city into an open world where the player can live and interact with inhabitants, the horror series Silent Hill forces players to move into dead zones deprived of any social life. With this ambivalence, Silent Hill transforms tourism in GTA-like (for Grand Theft Auto) into dark tourism and modifies the possible uses in these virtual worlds. These specific gaming experiences linked to a touristic approach shine a light on the relationship that gamers build with the playgrounds (and the game space) while they play. On a larger scale, these experiences give the opportunity to set the boundaries of videogame space practices related to the notions of immersion and/or journey

Ambivalence du tourisme vidéoludique

Traveling into the heart of virtual societies is an ambivalent tourist activity conditioned by gaming subgenera. If GTA-like (for Grand Theft Auto) level-design transforms the city into an open world where the player can live and interact with inhabitants, the horror series Silent Hill forces players to move into dead zones deprived of any social life. With this ambivalence, Silent Hill transforms tourism in GTA-like into dark tourism and modifies the possible uses in these virtual worlds. These specific gaming experiences linked to a touristic approach shine a light on the relationship that gamers build with the playgrounds (and the game space) while they play. On a larger scale, these experiences give the opportunity to set the boundaries of videogame space practices related to the notions of immersion and/or journey.Voyager au cœur des sociétés virtuelles relève d’une activité touristique ambivalente conditionnée par les sous-genres vidéoludiques. Si le level-design des GTA-like (pour Grand Theft Auto) transforme la ville en monde ouvert où le joueur peut vivre par procuration et interagir avec ses habitants, celui de la série horrifique Silent Hill oblige à s’orienter dans des zones-mortes dénuées de tissu social. Avec cette ambivalence, le tourisme des GTA-like se transforme dans Silent Hill en dark tourism et modifie dès lors les usages qu’il est possible d’adopter dans ces mondes virtuels. Ces expériences vidéoludiques singulières liées aux pratiques touristiques mettent en lumière l’importance de la relation que joueurs et joueuses tissent au fil des parties avec l’espace de jeu. De manière plus globale, elles permettent de délimiter les contours des pratiques spatiales vidéoludiques articulées autour des notions d’immersion et/ou de parcours

Fleece variation in alpaca (Vicugna pacos): a two-locus model for the Suri/Huacaya phenotype

Background: Genetic improvement of fibre-producing animal species has often induced transition from double coated to single coated fleece, accompanied by dramatic changes in skin follicles and hair composition, likely implying variation at multiple loci. Huacaya, the more common fleece phenotype in alpaca (Vicugna pacos), is characterized by a thick dense coat growing perpendicularly from the body, whereas the alternative rare and more prized single-coated Suri phenotype is distinguished by long silky fibre that grows parallel to the body and hangs in separate, distinctive pencil locks. A single-locus genetic model has been proposed for the Suri-Huacaya phenotype, where Huacaya is recessive. Results: Two reciprocal experimental test-crosses (Suri x Huacaya) were carried out, involving a total of 17 unrelated males and 149 unrelated females. An additional dataset of 587 offspring of Suri x Suri crosses was analyzed. Segregation ratios, population genotype frequencies, and/or recombination fraction under different genetic models were estimated by maximum likelihood. The single locus model for the Suri/Huacaya phenotype was rejected. In addition, we present two unexpected observations: 1) a large proportion (about 3/4) of the Suri animals are segregating (with at least one Huacaya offspring), even in breeding conditions where the Huacaya trait would have been almost eliminated; 2) a model with two different values of the segregation ratio fit the data significantly better than a model with a single parameter. Conclusions: The data support a genetic model in which two linked loci must simultaneously be homozygous for recessive alleles in order to produce the Huacaya phenotype. The estimated recombination rate between these loci was 0.099 (95% C. L. = 0.029-0.204). Our genetic analysis may be useful for other species whose breeding system produces mainly half-sib families

Sustained proliferation in cancer: mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets

Proliferation is an important part of cancer development and progression. This is manifest by altered expression and/or activity of cell cycle related proteins. Constitutive activation of many signal transduction pathways also stimulates cell growth. Early steps in tumor development are associated with a fibrogenic response and the development of a hypoxic environment which favors the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells. Part of the survival strategy of cancer stem cells may manifested by alterations in cell metabolism. Once tumors appear, growth and metastasis may be supported by overproduction of appropriate hormones (in hormonally dependent cancers), by promoting angiogenesis, by undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, by triggering autophagy, and by taking cues from surrounding stromal cells. A number of natural compounds (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, indole-3-carbinol, brassinin, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, ellagitannins, lycopene and quercetin) have been found to inhibit one or more pathways that contribute to proliferation (e.g., hypoxia inducible factor 1, nuclear factor kappa B, phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, Wnt, cell cycle associated proteins, as well as androgen and estrogen receptor signaling). These data, in combination with bioinformatics analyses, will be very important for identifying signaling pathways and molecular targets that may provide early diagnostic markers and/or critical targets for the development of new drugs or drug combinations that block tumor formation and progression

The Innate Immune Cross Talk between NK Cells and Eosinophils Is Regulated by the Interaction of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors with Eosinophil Surface Ligands

Previous studies suggested that the cross talk between NK cells and other cell types is crucial for the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the present study, we analyzed the phenotypic and functional outcome of the interaction between resting or cytokine-activated NK cells and eosinophils derived from non-atopic donors. Our results provide the first evidence that a natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR)/NCR ligand-dependent cross talk between NK cells and eosinophils may be important to upregulate the activation state and the effector function of cytokine-primed NK cells. This interaction also promotes the NK-mediated editing process of dendritic cells that influence the process of Th1 polarization. In turn, this cross talk also resulted in eosinophil activation and acquisition of the characteristic features of antigen-presenting cells. At higher NK/eosinophil ratios, cytokine-primed NK cells were found to kill eosinophils via NKp46 and NKp30, thus suggesting a potential immunoregulatory role for NK cells in dampening inflammatory responses involving eosinophils

NKp44-NKp44 Ligand Interactions in the Regulation of Natural Killer Cells and Other Innate Lymphoid Cells in Humans

Natural Killer (NK) cells are potent cytotoxic cells belonging to the family of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs). Their most characterized effector functions are directed to the control of aberrant cells in the body, including both transformed and virus-infected cells. NK cell-mediated recognition of abnormal cells primarily occurs through receptor-ligand interactions, involving an array of inhibitory and activating NK receptors and different types of ligands expressed on target cells. While most of the receptors have become known over many years, their respective ligands were only defined later and their impressive complexity has only recently become evident. NKp44, a member of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCRs), is an activating receptor playing a crucial role in most functions exerted by activated NK cells and also by other NKp44+ immune cells. The large and heterogeneous panel of NKp44 ligands (NKp44L) now includes surface expressed glycoproteins and proteoglycans, nuclear proteins that can be exposed outside the cell, and molecules that can be either released in the extracellular space or carried in extracellular vesicles. Recent findings have extended our knowledge on the nature of NKp44L to soluble plasma glycoproteins, such as secreted growth factors or extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived glycoproteins. NKp44L are induced upon tumor transformation or viral infection but may also be expressed in normal cells and tissues. In addition, NKp44-NKp44L interactions are involved in the crosstalk between NK cells and different innate and adaptive immune cell types. NKp44 expression in different ILCs located in tissues further extends the potential role of NKp44-NKp44L interactions

The Cellular Prion Protein Interacts with the Tissue Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase in Membrane Microdomains of Bioaminergic Neuronal Cells

BACKGROUND: The cellular prion protein, PrP(C), is GPI anchored and abundant in lipid rafts. The absolute requirement of PrP(C) in neurodegeneration associated to prion diseases is well established. However, the function of this ubiquitous protein is still puzzling. Our previous work using the 1C11 neuronal model, provided evidence that PrP(C) acts as a cell surface receptor. Besides a ubiquitous signaling function of PrP(C), we have described a neuronal specificity pointing to a role of PrP(C) in neuronal homeostasis. 1C11 cells, upon appropriate induction, engage into neuronal differentiation programs, giving rise either to serotonergic (1C11(5-HT)) or noradrenergic (1C11(NE)) derivatives. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The neuronal specificity of PrP(C) signaling prompted us to search for PrP(C) partners in 1C11-derived bioaminergic neuronal cells. We show here by immunoprecipitation an association of PrP(C) with an 80 kDa protein identified by mass spectrometry as the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). This interaction occurs in lipid rafts and is restricted to 1C11-derived neuronal progenies. Our data indicate that TNAP is implemented during the differentiation programs of 1C11(5-HT) and 1C11(NE) cells and is active at their cell surface. Noteworthy, TNAP may contribute to the regulation of serotonin or catecholamine synthesis in 1C11(5-HT) and 1C11(NE) bioaminergic cells by controlling pyridoxal phosphate levels. Finally, TNAP activity is shown to modulate the phosphorylation status of laminin and thereby its interaction with PrP. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The identification of a novel PrP(C) partner in lipid rafts of neuronal cells favors the idea of a role of PrP in multiple functions. Because PrP(C) and laminin functionally interact to support neuronal differentiation and memory consolidation, our findings introduce TNAP as a functional protagonist in the PrP(C)-laminin interplay. The partnership between TNAP and PrP(C) in neuronal cells may provide new clues as to the neurospecificity of PrP(C) function

Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities

published_or_final_versio