Effects of oral breathing in the nutritional state: why does it happen?

INTRODUCTION: Some children who breathe through the mouth and present nocturnal obstructive apnea can present retardation of the structural pondero growing. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to analyse the orofacial miofuctional alterations presentin the oral breathing individual and the effects over the nutritional state. Focus the importance of the interdisciplinary team following the global alterations present in the oral breathing. METHOD: The used method was a literature's revision, from published articles in indexed scientific magazines, books and works from pos-graduation. The major of the articles was identified from the bases of LILACS, MEDLINE, and SCIELO informations. RESULTS: Can be noticed the relationship of the oral breathing with a change in the general process of alimentation linked to the taste, oral miofunction and smell difficulties, reflecting in this way in the nutritional state. Final Commentaries: The cause diversities envolved in oral breathing require a trained interdisciplinary team to identify these alterations, making possible the preventive measure implementation which can avoid alterations in general health, in the face normal development and the nutritional state in important stage of theseindividuals growing.INTRODUÇÃO: Algumas crianças que respiram pela boca e apresentam apneias obstrutivas noturnas podem apresentar retardo do crescimento pôndero-estatural. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as alterações miofuncionais orofaciais presentes no indivíduo respirador oral e as repercussões sobre o estado nutricional. Enfoca a importância da equipe interdisciplinar no acompanhamento das alterações globais presentes na respiração oral. MÉTODO: O método utilizado foi uma revisão da literatura, a partir de artigos publicados em revistas cientificas indexadas, livros e trabalhos de pós-graduação. A maioria dos artigos foi identificada a partir das bases de dados, LILACS, MEDLINE e SCIELO. RESULTADOS: Percebe-se relação da respiração oral com a modificação no processo geral de alimentação, associada às dificuldades no olfato, paladar e distúrbios miofuncionais orofaciais, repercutindo assim no estado nutricional. Comentários Finais: A diversidade de causas envolvidas na respiração oral requer uma equipe interdisciplinar treinada para identificar estas alterações, possibilitando a implementação de medidas preventivas, que evitem alterações na saúde geral, no desenvolvimento normal da face e no estado nutricional em importantes fases do crescimento desses indivíduos.Faculdade Integrada do RecifeUNIFESP-EPMUniversidade Federal de PernambucoUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco Departamento de FonoaudiologiaUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

Symptoms and signs of mouth breathing in teenagers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and with complaints about school underachievement

OBJETIVOS: caracterizar sintomas e sinais da Respiração Predominantemente Oral em adolescentes com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade e queixa de prejuízo escolar e relacionar as características com os Tipos do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade, gênero e faixa etária. MÉTODOS: realizada no ADOLESCENTRO, instituição pública do Distrito Federal, com 115 adolescentes de ambos os gêneros, faixa etária 10-18 anos, apresentando queixa de prejuízo escolar e Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade. Histórico dos sintomas diurnos e noturnos dos dois aos doze anos foi analisado e sinais da Respiração Predominantemente Oral. RESULTADOS: alta ocorrência (86,95%) de sintomas e sinais da Respiração Predominantemente Oral. Registrou-se associação entre amigdalite e tipos do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade com maior frequência no Tipo II hiperativo (60%), sialorreia no travesseiro com gênero predominando o masculino (65,5%) e respiração oral diurna (64,7%), respiração oral noturna (82,4%) e sialorreia no travesseiro (64,7%) todas estas com a faixa etária de 10 a 12 anos. Houve associação entre lábios (54,3%) e língua (54,3%) não funcionais e faixa etária de 10 a 12 anos. Encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significante para expulsões (20%), suspensões (70%), advertências (100%) e tipos de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade com maior freqüência no Tipo II hiperativo. CONCLUSÃO: avaliação da respiração em pacientes com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade e queixa de prejuízo escolar é fundamental, pois dificuldades escolares podem estar associadas à história pregressa de respiração oral e Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono comuns nestes quadros.PURPOSE: to characterize symptoms and signs of Mouth Breathing in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and with complaints about school underachievement. The specific objectives were to relate the found characteristics to the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder types, gender and age of this population. METHODS: data were collected at ADOLESCENTRO; a public institution of the State Secretary of Health of the Federal District - Brazil. Nocturne and daytime symptoms that appeared in the age ranging between two and twelve-years-old were reported by the parents and were analyzed, as well as some signs cited on literature as being common characteristics of Mouth Breathing. RESULTS: a high frequency of Mouth Breathing characteristics were found to be associated with snoring, nocturne mouth breathing, rhinitis, sialorrhoea, dark undereye circles and dry lips. Related to the symptoms, an association was found among tonsillitis and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder types; sialorrhoea on the pillow with masculine gender and daytime mouth breathing; nocturne mouth breathing, sialorrhoea on the pillow with age. An association was found between non-functional lips with age and non-functional tongue with age. CONCLUSION: the possibility of simultaneous existence of Mouth Breathing on children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and complaints about school underachievement requires a deeper diagnostic investigation

Evaluation of the in vitro trypanocidal activity of triterpenes uvaol, betulinic acid and its semi-synthetic derivatives against the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi / Avaliação da atividade tripanocida in vitro dos triterpenos uvaol, ácido betulínico e seus derivados semissintéticos contra a cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is the causative agent of Chagas disease and its transmission occurs through blood meal by triatomine bugs, being oral transmission the most common form. More than 100 years after the disease´s discovery, benzonidazole is the only efficient drug against T. cruzi; however, this drug has numerous serious side effects and is only efficient in the acute phase of the disease. Natural products, such as triterpenes, have been an important source of new substances to combat human parasitology. In this study, two triterpenes, uvaol and betulinic acid, were tested against the parasite T. cruzi. The best results of in vitro tests were observed for uvaol with an IC50 value of 70.3 µM against the trypomastigost forms and an IC50 value of 90.6 µM against the amastigost forms. Three semi-synthetic derivatives of betulinic acid were obtained; the acetylated derivative showed excellent results against trypomastigotes forms (IC50 = 15.67 µM), but was not active against the amastigotes forms. The cytotoxic MTT test was also performed on LLCMK2 cells (Macaca mullata kidney epithelial cells) and betulinic acid showed the highest selectivity index (SI) with a value of 1.3

Relationship between microcephaly and indicators of social inequality in the state of Paraíba, Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the relationship between microcephaly and social inequality indicators in the state of Paraíba during the biennium January 2015 and December 2016. Methods Ecological study with data from newborn microcephaly records and municipal socioeconomic, environmental, and demographic indicators was conducted using two health information systems from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (SINASC and SINAN) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. A Poisson multiple regression model was applied with a significance level of 5%. Results Among 223 municipalities in Paraíba, 74 registered new cases of microcephaly. The number of Zika virus cases, number of inhabitants, number of households without adequate water supply, and household income were predictor variables of the number of new cases of microcephaly in Paraíba. Conclusion Microcephaly is associated with indicators of social inequality in Paraíba. Zika virus cases, water supply, and family income are the indicators that best explain the increase in microcephaly cases. Therefore, these variables must be monitored by health professionals and authorities

Postura e carga de peso podal em crianças com o uso de aparelhos ortodônticos ou ortopédicos funcionais dos maxilares: um estudo longitudinal / Foot posture and weight load in children using functional orthodontic or orthopedic jaw braces: a longitudinal study

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo geral de verificar a postura e carga de peso podal de crianças, com o uso de aparelhos ortodônticos ou ortopédicos funcionais dos maxilares, em controle de seis meses após a instalação dos mesmos. Representou um estudo longitudinal prospectivo, com a sequência do acompanhamento efetuado imediatamente após a instalação dos recursos terapêuticos em questão, a partir de pacientes oriundos do Ambulatório de Pediatria da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, na cidade do Recife, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. A amostra compreendeu 34 crianças, 79,4% com 11 anos de idade, 61.8% do sexo masculino, 64.7% com um lado de preferência mastigatória, na maioria o esquerdo, à época do exame inicial. Todas as crianças com deslocamento do centro de pressão e alterações posturais apresentavam médias de atividade elétrica muscular de repouso do esternocleidomastoideo, fibras superiores do trapézio e tibial anterior diferentes em relação às sem essa condição. Não se constataram diferenças significantes logo após a instalação dos aparelhos, mas no controle de seis meses após, nos pacientes portadores de má oclusão do tipo Classe II de Angle (p<0.01), com redução do impulso e da transferência do peso. 

Brown Spider (Loxosceles genus) Venom Toxins: Tools for Biological Purposes

Venomous animals use their venoms as tools for defense or predation. These venoms are complex mixtures, mainly enriched of proteic toxins or peptides with several, and different, biological activities. In general, spider venom is rich in biologically active molecules that are useful in experimental protocols for pharmacology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology, as well as putative tools for biotechnology and industries. Spider venoms have recently garnered much attention from several research groups worldwide. Brown spider (Loxosceles genus) venom is enriched in low molecular mass proteins (5–40 kDa). Although their venom is produced in minute volumes (a few microliters), and contain only tens of micrograms of protein, the use of techniques based on molecular biology and proteomic analysis has afforded rational projects in the area and permitted the discovery and identification of a great number of novel toxins. The brown spider phospholipase-D family is undoubtedly the most investigated and characterized, although other important toxins, such as low molecular mass insecticidal peptides, metalloproteases and hyaluronidases have also been identified and featured in literature. The molecular pathways of the action of these toxins have been reported and brought new insights in the field of biotechnology. Herein, we shall see how recent reports describing discoveries in the area of brown spider venom have expanded biotechnological uses of molecules identified in these venoms, with special emphasis on the construction of a cDNA library for venom glands, transcriptome analysis, proteomic projects, recombinant expression of different proteic toxins, and finally structural descriptions based on crystallography of toxins

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements