Abwehr ausländischer Staatsfonds: Aktive Industriepolitik oder "neue Schutzzäune"?

Sollte das Engagement ausländischer Investoren, insbesondere Staatsfonds, in Deutschland kontrolliert werden? Roland Koch, Ministerpräsident des Landes Hessen, warnt vor möglichen staatlich gelenkten Investoren bzw. staatlich aufgelegten Fonds, die vermehrt strategisch agieren, um die Interessen ihrer Länder in für sie interessanten Märkten durchzusetzen. Seiner Meinung nach sollte Vorsorge getroffen werden, damit es nicht zu politisch motivierten Marktbeeinflussungen komme. Denkbar sei eine Anmeldepflicht größerer Transaktionen. Rainer Brüderle, FDP-Fraktion, dagegen, sieht bei einer Genehmigungspflicht bereits den "Abschied" vom freien Handel und betont, dass gerade die Deutschen von offenen Märkten und ausländischem Kapital profitieren. Auch Gunter Schall, BDI, ist der Ansicht, dass zur Aufrechterhaltung eines funktionsfähigen Marktes kartell- und wettbewerbsrechtliche Instrumente besser geeignet sind als Investitionsbeschränkungen. Allerdings erscheinen Ausnahmen in bestimmten Fällen gerechtfertigt. Diese Auffassung vertritt auch Justus Haucap, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Der beste Schutz vor politischer Einflussnahme sei der funktionierende Wettbewerb auf den Produktmärkten. Anton F. Börner, Bundesverband des deutschen Groß- und Außenhandels, fordert anstatt eines Schutzwalles gegen ausländische Investitionen Reformen zur Verbesserung des Standortes Deutschland. Das Land lebe von seinen offenen Grenzen und seiner liberalen Wirtschaftsordnung; Merkantilismus und Protektionismus "im Kleid nationaler Interessen gefährde die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit". Claus Matecki, DGB, plädiert dagegen für strikte Meldepflichten und eine Aufsichtsbehörde, die die Investitionen in strategisch relevanten Bereichen kontrollieren sollte. Den Regulierungsbedarf jedoch auf Staatsfonds zu beschränken, hält er für "ordnungspolitisch ehrenhaft, ökonomisch aber nicht stichhaltig".Direktinvestition, Auslandsinvestitionsrecht, Industriepolitik, Wettbewerb, Regulierung, Protektionismus, Deutschland

Overview of ASDEX upgrade results in view of ITER and DEMO

Experiments on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in 2021 and 2022 have addressed a number of critical issues for ITER and EU DEMO. A major objective of the AUG programme is to shed light on the underlying physics of confinement, stability, and plasma exhaust in order to allow reliable extrapolation of results obtained on present day machines to these reactor-grade devices. Concerning pedestal physics, the mitigation of edge localised modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) was found to be consistent with a reduction of the linear peeling-ballooning stability threshold due to the helical deformation of the plasma. Conversely, ELM suppression by RMPs is ascribed to an increased pedestal transport that keeps the plasma away from this boundary. Candidates for this increased transport are locally enhanced turbulence and a locked magnetic island in the pedestal. The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) and quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) regimes have been established as promising ELM-free scenarios. Here, the pressure gradient at the foot of the H-mode pedestal is reduced by a quasi-coherent mode, consistent with violation of the high-n ballooning mode stability limit there. This is suggestive that the EDA and QCE regimes have a common underlying physics origin. In the area of transport physics, full radius models for both L- and H-modes have been developed. These models predict energy confinement in AUG better than the commonly used global scaling laws, representing a large step towards the goal of predictive capability. A new momentum transport analysis framework has been developed that provides access to the intrinsic torque in the plasma core. In the field of exhaust, the X-Point Radiator (XPR), a cold and dense plasma region on closed flux surfaces close to the X-point, was described by an analytical model that provides an understanding of its formation as well as its stability, i.e., the conditions under which it transitions into a deleterious MARFE with the potential to result in a disruptive termination. With the XPR close to the divertor target, a new detached divertor concept, the compact radiative divertor, was developed. Here, the exhaust power is radiated before reaching the target, allowing close proximity of the X-point to the target. No limitations by the shallow field line angle due to the large flux expansion were observed, and sufficient compression of neutral density was demonstrated. With respect to the pumping of non-recycling impurities, the divertor enrichment was found to mainly depend on the ionisation energy of the impurity under consideration. In the area of MHD physics, analysis of the hot plasma core motion in sawtooth crashes showed good agreement with nonlinear 2-fluid simulations. This indicates that the fast reconnection observed in these events is adequately described including the pressure gradient and the electron inertia in the parallel Ohm’s law. Concerning disruption physics, a shattered pellet injection system was installed in collaboration with the ITER International Organisation. Thanks to the ability to vary the shard size distribution independently of the injection velocity, as well as its impurity admixture, it was possible to tailor the current quench rate, which is an important requirement for future large devices such as ITER. Progress was also made modelling the force reduction of VDEs induced by massive gas injection on AUG. The H-mode density limit was characterised in terms of safe operational space with a newly developed active feedback control method that allowed the stability boundary to be probed several times within a single discharge without inducing a disruptive termination. Regarding integrated operation scenarios, the role of density peaking in the confinement of the ITER baseline scenario (high plasma current) was clarified. The usual energy confinement scaling ITER98(p,y) does not capture this effect, but the more recent H20 scaling does, highlighting again the importance of developing adequate physics based models. Advanced tokamak scenarios, aiming at large non-inductive current fraction due to non-standard profiles of the safety factor in combination with high normalised plasma pressure were studied with a focus on their access conditions. A method to guide the approach of the targeted safety factor profiles was developed, and the conditions for achieving good confinement were clarified. Based on this, two types of advanced scenarios (‘hybrid’ and ‘elevated’ q-profile) were established on AUG and characterised concerning their plasma performance

Progress from ASDEX Upgrade experiments in preparing the physics basis of ITER operation and DEMO scenario development

An overview of recent results obtained at the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) is given. A work flow for predictive profile modelling of AUG discharges was established which is able to reproduce experimental H-mode plasma profiles based on engineering parameters only. In the plasma center, theoretical predictions on plasma current redistribution by a dynamo effect were confirmed experimentally. For core transport, the stabilizing effect of fast ion distributions on turbulent transport is shown to be important to explain the core isotope effect and improves the description of hollow low-Z impurity profiles. The L-H power threshold of hydrogen plasmas is not affected by small helium admixtures and it increases continuously from the deuterium to the hydrogen level when the hydrogen concentration is raised from 0 to 100%. One focus of recent campaigns was the search for a fusion relevant integrated plasma scenario without large edge localised modes (ELMs). Results from six different ELM-free confinement regimes are compared with respect to reactor relevance: ELM suppression by magnetic perturbation coils could be attributed to toroidally asymmetric turbulent fluctuations in the vicinity of the separatrix. Stable improved confinement mode plasma phases with a detached inner divertor were obtained using a feedback control of the plasma β. The enhanced D α H-mode regime was extended to higher heating power by feedback controlled radiative cooling with argon. The quasi-coherent exhaust regime was developed into an integrated scenario at high heating power and energy confinement, with a detached divertor and without large ELMs. Small ELMs close to the separatrix lead to peeling-ballooning stability and quasi continuous power exhaust. Helium beam density fluctuation measurements confirm that transport close to the separatrix is important to achieve the different ELM-free regimes. Based on separatrix plasma parameters and interchange-drift-Alfvén turbulence, an analytic model was derived that reproduces the experimentally found important operational boundaries of the density limit and between L- and H-mode confinement. Feedback control for the X-point radiator (XPR) position was established as an important element for divertor detachment control. Stable and detached ELM-free phases with H-mode confinement quality were obtained when the XPR was moved 10 cm above the X-point. Investigations of the plasma in the future flexible snow-flake divertor of AUG by means of first SOLPS-ITER simulations with drifts activated predict beneficial detachment properties and the activation of an additional strike point by the drifts

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abwehr ausländischer Staatsfonds: Aktive Industriepolitik oder "neue Schutzzäune"?

Sollte das Engagement ausländischer Investoren, insbesondere Staatsfonds, in Deutschland kontrolliert werden? Roland Koch, Ministerpräsident des Landes Hessen, warnt vor möglichen staatlich gelenkten Investoren bzw. staatlich aufgelegten Fonds, die vermehrt strategisch agieren, um die Interessen ihrer Länder in für sie interessanten Märkten durchzusetzen. Seiner Meinung nach sollte Vorsorge getroffen werden, damit es nicht zu politisch motivierten Marktbeeinflussungen komme. Denkbar sei eine Anmeldepflicht größerer Transaktionen. Rainer Brüderle, FDP-Fraktion, dagegen, sieht bei einer Genehmigungspflicht bereits den "Abschied" vom freien Handel und betont, dass gerade die Deutschen von offenen Märkten und ausländischem Kapital profitieren. Auch Gunter Schall, BDI, ist der Ansicht, dass zur Aufrechterhaltung eines funktionsfähigen Marktes kartell- und wettbewerbsrechtliche Instrumente besser geeignet sind als Investitionsbeschränkungen. Allerdings erscheinen Ausnahmen in bestimmten Fällen gerechtfertigt. Diese Auffassung vertritt auch Justus Haucap, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Der beste Schutz vor politischer Einflussnahme sei der funktionierende Wettbewerb auf den Produktmärkten. Anton F. Börner, Bundesverband des deutschen Groß- und Außenhandels, fordert anstatt eines Schutzwalles gegen ausländische Investitionen Reformen zur Verbesserung des Standortes Deutschland. Das Land lebe von seinen offenen Grenzen und seiner liberalen Wirtschaftsordnung; Merkantilismus und Protektionismus "im Kleid nationaler Interessen gefährde die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit". Claus Matecki, DGB, plädiert dagegen für strikte Meldepflichten und eine Aufsichtsbehörde, die die Investitionen in strategisch relevanten Bereichen kontrollieren sollte. Den Regulierungsbedarf jedoch auf Staatsfonds zu beschränken, hält er für "ordnungspolitisch ehrenhaft, ökonomisch aber nicht stichhaltig"