Obtenção de vinagre de laranja em processo semicontínuo, em escala de laboratório

Vinegar is the product obtained from wine acetic acid fermentation and is mainly produced by semicontinuous operation, which consists in developing successive discontinuous acetification cycles. Citric vinegars and wines are typical products with regional qualities. The aim of the present work was to establish the optimal values for the substrate loading proportion (wine/vinegar) at two levels (40 % and 60 %) in order to obtain orange vinegar in semicontinuous submerged culture. The results were evaluated in terms of acetification rate and fermentation yield. Experiments were carried out in duplicate. Stirring speed, air supply and temperature were maintained constant with values of 600 rpm, 0.4 vvm and 30°C respectively. It was demonstrated that the loading proportion did not affect significantly the responses (α=0.05) at both levels evaluated. It is feasible to develop a semicontinuous acetification process with a 60 % loading proportion and in this way, obtain greater orange vinegar volumes.El vinagre es el producto de la fermentación acética del vino. El sistema semicontinuo es el más común en la industria vinagrera; consiste en el desarrollo de ciclos discontinuos de acetificación. El vinagre y los vinos cítricos son productos típicos con características regionales. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la obtención de vinagre de naranja en biorreactor de laboratorio en sistema semicontinuo, a dos niveles de la variable proporción de carga (vino/vinagre): 40 % y 60 % usando como respuestas velocidad de acetificación y rendimiento para elegir el mejor proceso. Cada tratamiento se realizó por duplicado. Las variables operativas fueron 600 rpm, 0,4 vvm y 30 ºC. Se demostró que la proporción carga/descarga, no afecta significativamente (α=0,05) las respuestas durante el segundo ciclo para ninguno de los dos niveles. Se puede establecer la proporción de carga para un proceso semicontinuo en 60% y obtener mayor volumen de vinagre de naranja.O vinagre é o produto da fermentação acética do vinho. O sistema semicontínuo é o mais comum na indústria vinagreira; consiste no desenvolmimento de ciclos discontínuos de acetificação. O vinagre e os vinhos cítricos são produtos típicos com características regionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter vinagre de laranja em biorreator de laboratório em sistema semicontínuo, a dois níveis da variável proporção de carga (vinho/vinagre): 40 % e 60 % utilizando-se como respostas velocidade de acetificação e rendimento para escolher o melhor processo. Cada tratamento foi realizado em duplicado. As variáveis operacionais foram 600 rpm, 0,4 vvm e 30 ºC. Foi demonstrado que a proporção carga/descarga, não afeta significativamente (α=0,05) as respostas durante o segundo ciclo para nenhum dos dois níveis. É possível estabelecer a proporção de carga para um processo semicontínuo em 60% para obter maior volume de vinagre de laranja

Fermentación alcohólica de jugo de naranja con <i>S. cerevisiae</i>

Se fermentaron jugos de naranja (natural, JN, o pasteurizado, JP) con S. cerevisiae a pHs (3,5 ó 4,0), temperaturas de fermentación (10 ó 20°C) y de maduración (10 ó 20°C). Se determinaron azúcares reductores directos (ARD) y totales (ART), N-amínico y recuento microscópico durante 4 etapas: inicial, fermentación, envasado y maduración (4 meses). Al final también se determinaron azúcares y etanol. Los ARD y ART decrecieron durante la fermentación en ambos mostos; el N-amínico también disminuyó, permaneciendo luego casi constante. El recuento de levaduras fue 2×106/mL (JN) y 7×106/mL (JP). En los envasados se detectó fructosa (80-100%) y glucosa (<20%) pero no sacarosa. El etanol alcanzó 60-80 g/L (JN) y 80-85 g/L (JP). Durante la maduración, los azúcares y el N-amínico aumentaron levemente, el etanol disminuyó en JN pero incrementó levemente en JP. El recuento de levaduras disminuyó. Durante la fermentación, las levaduras asimilaron casi la totalidad de azúcares y del N-amínico para crecer; luego durante la producción de etanol no hubo casi cambios hasta el envasado, produciéndose su lisis.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriale

Vino espumante de naranja. Desarrollo y Caracterización

Los espumantes son bebidas alcohólicas obtenidas a partir de vino base sometido a una segundafermentación. Aunque la producción de estos vinos es menor comparada con la de los vinos tintos yblancos (representan 1,6 % de la producción mundial de vinos), el impacto económico para la industriaenológica es muy importante por el elevado valor agregado de la mayoría de los espumantes. En laregión, donde la actividad citrícola es muy relevante, es creciente la necesidad de contar con tecnologíasalternativas para generar productos novedosos, con mayor valor agregado, que potencialmentepermitan captar mercados emergentes y la creación de nuevos puestos de trabajo. Se considera posibleobtener un “espumante de naranja”, con propiedades que satisfagan los requerimientos de los consumidores,sometiendo los “vinos de naranja” –obtenidos en investigaciones previas desarrolladas poreste grupo– a una segunda fermentación en botella, adaptando el tradicional método “champenoise”.Se pretende desarrollar la tecnología básica para la obtención del producto mencionado, así como controlarel proceso de segunda fermentación y caracterizar el producto obtenido destacando la dinámicade formación de burbujas mediante técnicas de análisis de imágenes

Obtención de vinagre tipo balsámico y crema balsámica a partir de vinos de arándanos

Los arándanos aún no forman parte de los hábitos de consumo de los argentinos, por ello y con el objetivo de buscar otros mercados para el remanente no exportable, se planteó el desarrollo de una tecnología básica para la producción de vinagre tipo balsámico (VB) y un aliño similar a la reducción o crema balsámica (CBA), ambos a partir de arándanos. En el mercado local hay una amplia variedad de vinagres balsámicos, pero no existen referencias sobre productos a partir de estas bayas. El VB se obtuvo mediante la mezcla de vinagre y mosto concentrado de arándanos previamente obtenidos, con miel hasta 59,15 g ácido acético/L y 26,65ºBx. La CBA se preparó mezclando VB y mosto concentrado hasta 43,87 g ácido acético/L y 46,9ºBx. Si bien el proceso de obtención de vinagres balsámicos provocó una reducción de los principales compuestos antioxidantes, el agregado de mosto concentrado y la maduración en contacto con roble, permitió mejorar su calidad nutricional. Ambos productos presentaron una alta aceptabilidad, especialmente la crema balsámica de arándanos por lo que podrían ser considerados un importante condimento con características regionales que contribuiría a incrementar la ingesta de antioxidantes totales durante una comida

Advances in GPCR modeling evaluated by the GPCR Dock 2013 assessment: Meeting new challenges

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. Despite tremendous successes of GPCR crystallography, the receptors with available structures represent only a small fraction of human GPCRs. An important role of the modeling community is to maximize structural insights for the remaining receptors and complexes. The community-wide GPCR Dock assessment was established to stimulate and monitor the progress in molecular modeling and ligand docking for GPCRs. The four targets in the present third assessment round presented new and diverse challenges for modelers, including prediction of allosteric ligand interaction and activation states in 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors 1B and 2B, and modeling by extremely distant homology for smoothened receptor. Forty-four modeling groups participated in the assessment. State-of-the-art modeling approaches achieved close-to-experimental accuracy for small rigid orthosteric ligands and models built by close homology, and they correctly predicted protein fold for distant homology targets. Predictions of long loops and GPCR activation states remain unsolved problems

Sex difference and intra-operative tidal volume: Insights from the LAS VEGAS study

BACKGROUND: One key element of lung-protective ventilation is the use of a low tidal volume (VT). A sex difference in use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) has been described in critically ill ICU patients.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether a sex difference in use of LTVV also exists in operating room patients, and if present what factors drive this difference.DESIGN, PATIENTS AND SETTING: This is a posthoc analysis of LAS VEGAS, a 1-week worldwide observational study in adults requiring intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals in 29 countries.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women and men were compared with respect to use of LTVV, defined as VT of 8 ml kg-1 or less predicted bodyweight (PBW). A VT was deemed 'default' if the set VT was a round number. A mediation analysis assessed which factors may explain the sex difference in use of LTVV during intra-operative ventilation.RESULTS: This analysis includes 9864 patients, of whom 5425 (55%) were women. A default VT was often set, both in women and men; mode VT was 500 ml. Median [IQR] VT was higher in women than in men (8.6 [7.7 to 9.6] vs. 7.6 [6.8 to 8.4] ml kg-1 PBW, P &lt; 0.001). Compared with men, women were twice as likely not to receive LTVV [68.8 vs. 36.0%; relative risk ratio 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.1), P &lt; 0.001]. In the mediation analysis, patients' height and actual body weight (ABW) explained 81 and 18% of the sex difference in use of LTVV, respectively; it was not explained by the use of a default VT.CONCLUSION: In this worldwide cohort of patients receiving intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery, women received a higher VT than men during intra-operative ventilation. The risk for a female not to receive LTVV during surgery was double that of males. Height and ABW were the two mediators of the sex difference in use of LTVV.TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01601223

Building a transdisciplinary expert consensus on the cognitive drivers of performance under pressure: An international multi-panel Delphi study

IntroductionThe ability to perform optimally under pressure is critical across many occupations, including the military, first responders, and competitive sport. Despite recognition that such performance depends on a range of cognitive factors, how common these factors are across performance domains remains unclear. The current study sought to integrate existing knowledge in the performance field in the form of a transdisciplinary expert consensus on the cognitive mechanisms that underlie performance under pressure.MethodsInternational experts were recruited from four performance domains [(i) Defense; (ii) Competitive Sport; (iii) Civilian High-stakes; and (iv) Performance Neuroscience]. Experts rated constructs from the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework (and several expert-suggested constructs) across successive rounds, until all constructs reached consensus for inclusion or were eliminated. Finally, included constructs were ranked for their relative importance.ResultsSixty-eight experts completed the first Delphi round, with 94% of experts retained by the end of the Delphi process. The following 10 constructs reached consensus across all four panels (in order of overall ranking): (1) Attention; (2) Cognitive Control—Performance Monitoring; (3) Arousal and Regulatory Systems—Arousal; (4) Cognitive Control—Goal Selection, Updating, Representation, and Maintenance; (5) Cognitive Control—Response Selection and Inhibition/Suppression; (6) Working memory—Flexible Updating; (7) Working memory—Active Maintenance; (8) Perception and Understanding of Self—Self-knowledge; (9) Working memory—Interference Control, and (10) Expert-suggested—Shifting.DiscussionOur results identify a set of transdisciplinary neuroscience-informed constructs, validated through expert consensus. This expert consensus is critical to standardizing cognitive assessment and informing mechanism-targeted interventions in the broader field of human performance optimization

Multiancestry analysis of the HLA locus in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases uncovers a shared adaptive immune response mediated by HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes

Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects of HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes best accounted for the association, strongest with HLA-DRB1*04:04 and HLA-DRB1*04:07, and intermediary with HLA-DRB1*04:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:03. The same signal was associated with decreased neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem brains and was associated with reduced tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and to a lower extent with increased Aβ42. Protective HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes strongly bound the aggregation-prone tau PHF6 sequence, however only when acetylated at a lysine (K311), a common posttranslational modification central to tau aggregation. An HLA-DRB1*04-mediated adaptive immune response decreases PD and AD risks, potentially by acting against tau, offering the possibility of therapeutic avenues

Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men