[why Does The Prevalence Of Cytopathological Results Of Cervical Cancer Screening Can Vary Significantly Between Two Regions Of Brazil?].

To analyze the prevalence of cervical cytopathological results for the screening of cervical cancer with regard to women's age and time since the last examination in Maceió and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, among those assisted by the Brazilian Unified Health System. Cervical cytopathological results available in the Information System of Cervical Cancer Screening for the year 2011 were analyzed, corresponding to 206,550 for Rio de Janeiro and 45,243 for Maceió. In Rio de Janeiro, examination at one and two year intervals predominated, while in Maceió examination at one and three year intervals had a higher predominance. Women who underwent cervical smear screening in Maceió were older than those in Rio de Janeiro. The prevalence of invasive squamous cell carcinoma was similar for the two cities, but all the other results presented a higher prevalence in Rio de Janeiro: ASCUS (PR=5.32; 95%CI 4.66-6.07); ASCH (PR=4.27; 95%CI 3.15-5.78); atypical glandular cells (PR=10.02; 95%CI 5.66-17.76); low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (PR=6.10; 95%CI 5.27-7.07); high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (PR=8.90; 95%CI 6.50-12.18) and adenocarcinoma (PR=3.00; 95%CI 1.21-7.44). The rate of unsatisfactory cervical samples was two times higher in Maceió and that of rejected samples for analysis was five times higher in Maceió when compared to Rio de Janeiro. The prevalence rates of altered cervical cytopathological results was significantly higher in Rio de Janeiro than in Maceió. There is no objective information that may justify this difference. One hypothesis is that there may be a difference in the diagnostic performance of the cervical cancer screening, which could be related to the quality of the Pap smear. Thus, these findings suggest that it would be necessary to perform this evaluation at national level, with emphasis on the performance of cervical cancer screening in order to improve the effectiveness of cervical cancer control.36192-

Why does the prevalence of cytopathological results of cervical cancer screening can vary significantly between two regions of Brazil?

PURPOSE:To analyze the prevalence of cervical cytopathological results for the screening of cervical cancer with regard to women's age and time since the last examination in Maceió and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, among those assisted by the Brazilian Unified Health System.METHODS: Cervical cytopathological results available in the Information System of Cervical Cancer Screening for the year 2011 were analyzed, corresponding to 206,550 for Rio de Janeiro and 45,243 for Maceió.RESULTS: In Rio de Janeiro, examination at one and two year intervals predominated, while in Maceió examination at one and three year intervals had a higher predominance. Women who underwent cervical smear screening in Maceió were older than those in Rio de Janeiro. The prevalence of invasive squamous cell carcinoma was similar for the two cities, but all the other results presented a higher prevalence in Rio de Janeiro: ASCUS (PR=5.32; 95%CI 4.66-6.07); ASCH (PR=4.27; 95%CI 3.15-5.78); atypical glandular cells (PR=10.02; 95%CI 5.66-17.76); low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (PR=6.10; 95%CI 5.27-7.07); high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (PR=8.90; 95%CI 6.50-12.18) and adenocarcinoma (PR=3.00; 95%CI 1.21-7.44). The rate of unsatisfactory cervical samples was two times higher in Maceió and that of rejected samples for analysis was five times higher in Maceió when compared to Rio de Janeiro.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rates of altered cervical cytopathological results was significantly higher in Rio de Janeiro than in Maceió. There is no objective information that may justify this difference. One hypothesis is that there may be a difference in the diagnostic performance of the cervical cancer screening, which could be related to the quality of the Pap smear. Thus, these findings suggest that it would be necessary to perform this evaluation at national level, with emphasis on the performance of cervical cancer screening in order to improve the effectiveness of cervical cancer control.OBJETIVO:Analisar a prevalência dos resultados citopatológicos empregados para o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero em relação à faixa etária da mulher e ao tempo de realização do último exame, no Rio de Janeiro e Maceió, pelo Sistema Único de Saúde.MÉTODOS:Foram analisadas as informações do Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo do Útero referentes aos resultados dos exames citopatológicos realizados em 2011, que totalizaram 206.550 para Rio de Janeiro e 45.243 para Maceió.RESULTADOS: No Rio de Janeiro, predominaram exames citopatológicos realizados com intervalo de um e dois anos e, em Maceió, controles com intervalo de um e três anos. As mulheres atendidas no Maceió eram mais velhas do que aquelas do Rio de Janeiro. A prevalência do resultado citopatológico carcinoma escamoso invasor foi semelhante entre os municípios, porém todos os demais resultados apresentaram prevalência superior no Rio de Janeiro: atipias de significado indeterminado em células escamosas (RP=5,32; IC95% 4,66-6,07); atipias de significado indeterminado não podendo excluir lesão de alto grau (RP=4,27; IC95% 3,15-5,78); células glandulares atípicas (RP=10,02; IC95% 5,66-17,76); lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau (RP=6,10; IC95% 5,27;-7,07); lesão intraepitelial escamosa de alto grau (RP=8,90; IC95% 6,50-12,18) e adenocarcinoma (RP=3,00; IC95% 1,21-7,44). A taxa de amostras insatisfatórias para a análise foi duas vezes maior e de lâminas rejeitadas foi cinco vezes maior em Maceió, quando comparado ao Rio de Janeiro.CONCLUSÕES:As taxas de prevalência de resultados citopatológicos foram significativamente superiores no Rio de Janeiro do que em Maceió, e não há informações objetivas que possam justificar tal diferença. Uma hipótese é que haveria diferença no desempenho diagnóstico do exame citopatológico, o que poderia estar relacionada à qualidade do exame. Assim, tais achados sugerem que seria necessário avaliar este cenário no âmbito nacional, com ênfase no desempenho do exame citopatológico, visando melhorar a efetividade do controle do câncer de colo do útero.19219

O IMPACTO DO CÂNCER DE MAMA NA VIDA SEXUAL DAS MULHERES

  Anxiety and depression are currently the most common mental illnesses worldwide, affecting approximately 30% and 16.6% of women. Genetic factors play an important role in causing these diseases and are believed to be hereditary. Rates of anxiety and depression range from 30 to 40 percent. Although the causes of these diseases are not fully understood, many studies have been attempted. In this context, this study attempts to provide an overview of these diseases through a literature review, mental anxiety and depression, and the committee focused on genetic relationships, including potential candidate genes associated with both disorders. In addition to analyzing the literature obtained, the bibliographic databases PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, Scientific Electronic Library Online were used. After applying the eligibility criteria, 27 articles focusing on etiology were included. The neurobiological and genetic basis of these disorders, genes in GenBank, EMBL-EBI and Europe PubMed Central. These data highlight the importance of combining genetic and neurobiological approaches to elucidate the causes of these mental disorders and may lead to measures to predict risk, enable early diagnosis and promote more effective treatment strategies.  A ansiedade e a depressão são atualmente as doenças mentais mais comuns em todo o mundo, afetando aproximadamente 30% e 16,6% das mulheres. Fatores genéticos desempenham um papel importante na causa dessas doenças e acredita-se que sejam hereditárias. As taxas de ansiedade e depressão variam de 30 a 40 por cento. Embora as causas destas doenças não sejam totalmente compreendidas, muitos estudos têm sido tentados. Nesse contexto, este estudo tenta fornecer uma visão geral dessas doenças por meio de uma revisão de literatura, a ansiedade mental e depressão, e o comitê se concentrou nas relações genéticas, incluindo potenciais genes candidatos associados a ambos os transtornos. Além da análise da literatura obtida, foram utilizadas as bases bibliográficas PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, Scientific Electronic Library Online. Após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade foram incluídos 27 artigos com foco na etiologia. A base neurobiológica e genética desses distúrbios, genes no GenBank, EMBL-EBI e Europe PubMed Central. Esses dados destacam a importância de combinar abordagens genéticas e neurobiológicas elucidar as causas destes transtornos mentais pode levar a medidas para prever o risco, permitir o diagnóstico precoce e promover estratégias de tratamento mais eficazes

ÁGUA INFECTADA E A CORRELAÇÃO COM A HEPATITE E

Hepatitis E infection is found worldwide and is common in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to essential water, sanitation, hygiene and health services. In these areas, the disease occurs in both outbreaks and sporadic cases. Outbreaks often follow periods of fecal contamination of drinking water supplies and can affect thousands of people. This article aims to raise awareness among the population about the risks of hepatitis E and mainly to highlight the correlation with water. This is an integrative review of the literature. Within the time window of the last five years. The results confirm the importance of drinking water and basic sanitation, as well as highlighting the lack of studies in this area. Therefore it is necessary to talk more about hepatitis E, this article has the legacy of being the basis for other reviews, highlighting that prevention is the most effective approach against infection, however it is necessary to maintain quality standards for public water supply and establish adequate human feces disposal systems, as well as personal hygiene care.A infecção por hepatite E é encontrada em todo o mundo e é comum em países de baixo e médio rendimento com acesso limitado a serviços essenciais de água, saneamento, higiene e saúde. Nessas áreas, a doença ocorre tanto em surtos quanto em casos esporádicos. Os surtos geralmente seguem-se a períodos de contaminação fecal do abastecimento de água potável e podem afetar milhares de pessoas. Esse artigo tem como objetivo conscientizar a população sobre os riscos da hepatite E e principalmente destacar a correlação com a água. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Dentro da janela temporal dos últimos cinco anos. Os resultados confirmam a importância da água potável e saneamento básico, bem como evidenciam a falta de estudos nessa área. Por tanto é necessário falar mais sobre a hepatite E, esse artigo fica com o legado de ser base para outras revisões, ressaltando que a prevenção é a abordagem mais eficaz contra a infecção, entretanto é necessário manter padrões de qualidade para o abastecimento público de água e estabelecer sistemas adequados de eliminação de fezes humanas, bem como os cuidados de higiene pessoal

Mecanismos Celulares na Dermatite de Contato Alérgica

Objective: The aim of the article is to elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying allergic contact dermatitis, aiming to identify potential therapeutic targets to improve the treatment of this skin condition. Methodology: The integrative review addresses recent advances in metrology, highlighting measurement methods, instrumentation, and emerging analytical techniques, aiming for a comprehensive understanding of current practices and trends in this crucial field for various areas such as science, technology, and industry. This approach provides valuable insights to enhance precision, reliability, and innovation in metrology, driving the development of new solutions and applications across various sectors.Results: The findings reveal a wide range of advances in metrology, including significant developments in high-precision measurement methods, advancements in instrumentation, and the implementation of innovative analytical techniques, demonstrating continuous progress in the pursuit of greater reliability and precision in measurements. These results underscore the importance of metrology as a fundamental basis for quality and innovation in various scientific and technological areas.Conclusion: Understanding the intricate cellular mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis offers promising therapeutic perspectives, highlighting the ongoing need for research to validate and explore new therapeutic targets, aiming to improve the management and quality of life of patients affected by this skin condition.Objetivo: O objetivo do artigo é elucidar os mecanismos celulares subjacentes à dermatite de contato alérgica, visando identificar potenciais alvos terapêuticos para melhorar o tratamento dessa condição cutânea. Metodologia: A revisão integrativa aborda os avanços recentes na metrologia, destacando métodos de medição, instrumentação e técnicas analíticas emergentes, visando uma compreensão abrangente das práticas e tendências atuais nesse campo crucial para diversas áreas, como ciência, tecnologia e indústria. Essa abordagem oferece insights valiosos para aprimorar a precisão, confiabilidade e inovação na metrologia, impulsionando o desenvolvimento de novas soluções e aplicações em diversos setores. Resultados: Os resultados revelam uma ampla gama de avanços na metrologia, incluindo desenvolvimentos significativos em métodos de medição de alta precisão, avanços na instrumentação e implementação de técnicas analíticas inovadoras, demonstrando o progresso contínuo na busca por maior confiabilidade e precisão nas medições. Esses resultados destacam a importância da metrologia como base fundamental para a qualidade e inovação em diversas áreas científicas e tecnológicas. Conclusão: A compreensão dos intricados mecanismos celulares na dermatite de contato alérgica oferece promissoras perspectivas terapêuticas, destacando a necessidade contínua de pesquisas para validar e explorar novos alvos terapêuticos, visando melhorar o manejo e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes afetados por essa condição cutânea

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2)

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors 2017 includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2\ub75th percentile and 100 as the 97\ub75th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59\ub74 (IQR 35\ub74–67\ub73), ranging from a low of 11\ub76 (95% uncertainty interval 9\ub76–14\ub70) to a high of 84\ub79 (83\ub71–86\ub77). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of 'leaving no one behind', it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. METHODS: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others