329 research outputs found
Plural Policing of Public Places in France. Between Private and Local Policing
International audienceThis paper analyzes the changing public/private as well as central/local relationships for the provi-sion of public security in public places in France. It describes the emergence and development of a now frequent public-private mix in policing, based on the hot issue of regulating social behaviours in public places. The significance of the French model in terms of the nature of privatization and pluralization is then discussed and compared to international trends. The rise of a local level public-private mix, while not unique in Europe, appears as a major shift in a French environment traditionally characterized by the structural centralization of its public forces
The enforcement turn in plural policing?:A comparative analysis of public police auxiliaries in England & Wales, France and The Netherlands
This paper examines âauxiliaryâ police in three European countries and the extent to which they continue to present a pluralisation of public sector policing. Examining findings from existing empirical research, we will argue that despite different origins, systems of governance, formal powers and levels of centralisation, the police auxiliaries in England & Wales, France and The Netherlands have all experienced an overall trend towards becoming more âenforcement-orientatedâ. This unique comparative analysis measures each agency's powers, appearance, organisational dimensions and mandate and the associated drivers towards change, such as the politicisation of law and order, large-scale institutional transformations and professionalisation attempts. This analysis will have implications for pluralised policing scholarship as it questions the extent to which auxiliary officers provide a true alternative to the standard or national public policing mandate, which has historically highlighted the âlaw and orderâ function of the police. It also highlights the lack of research on what âpolicing by governmentâ ( Loader, 2000) looks like in practice and the need for further comparative research with these auxiliary state policing actors
Les contrĂŽles policiers en Europe
La question des violences policiĂšres, trĂšs prĂ©gnante dans le dĂ©bat public aux Ătats-Unis depuis trĂšs longtemps, sâest aussi installĂ©e dans les dĂ©bats français et prend une place croissante, sous lâeffet de la mĂ©diatisation dâincidents majeurs et de lâintervention dâassociations ou citoyens pour porter ces problĂ©matiques. Parmi les sujets jugĂ©s prĂ©occupants en la matiĂšre, les contrĂŽles de police â qui sont parfois Ă lâorigine de telles violences â figurent en bonne place ; ils constituent lâobjet principal de cet article. Sâappuyant sur un projet de recherche europĂ©en, Jacques de Maillard et Mike Rowe proposent une analyse des contrĂŽles policiers en Europe, et de la façon dont le dĂ©bat public et les dĂ©cideurs politiques sâen emparent. AprĂšs un rappel des facteurs ayant conduit Ă porter la question des contrĂŽles de police sur la place publique, ils examinent lâimpact de cette prĂ©sence accrue dans les dĂ©bats sur la maniĂšre dont ces contrĂŽles sont perçus, et plus ou moins encadrĂ©s, dans diffĂ©rents pays (Allemagne, Ăcosse, Espagne, Autriche, FinlandeâŠ) comparativement Ă la France, notamment en fonction du niveau de confiance prĂ©valant entre la police et la sociĂ©tĂ©. Ils montrent ainsi les diffĂ©rentes Ă©volutions qui ont pu se produire dans la pratique des contrĂŽles et les politiques affĂ©rentes, en rĂ©ponse aux questions soulevĂ©es dans les dĂ©bats : modifications « incrĂ©mentales », un peu plus poussĂ©es voire significatives, versus inertie. Ils soulignent enfin la spĂ©cificitĂ© de la France oĂč les rĂ©formes sont particuliĂšrement difficiles Ă mettre en place et esquissent trois scĂ©narios dâĂ©volution possible pour le pays. S.D.</jats:p
Une centralisation renforcée par le chiffre ? Les effets contradictoires des indicateurs chiffrés dans la police nationale en France
Les indicateurs chiffrĂ©s ont pris une importance croissante au sein de la Police Nationale dans un contexte dâintroduction du nouveau management public et de recours croissant aux nouvelles technologies. Au-delĂ de lâusage politique de ces chiffres, il convient de sâinterroger sur leurs effets concrets sur les pratiques et des prioritĂ©s de la police, en particulier sur un Ă©ventuel renforcement du caractĂšre centralisĂ© de lâorganisation policiĂšre. Le poids grandissant des chiffres sâest traduit par une utilisation accrue de diffĂ©rentes bases de donnĂ©es comme la Main Courante InformatisĂ©e et autres tableaux de bord, par lâintroduction de primes Ă la performance ainsi que par un renforcement des Ă©quipes chargĂ©es de collecter et de transmettre les donnĂ©es. La nĂ©cessitĂ© de rendre des comptes et de faire remonter lâinformation Ă tous les Ă©chelons de la hiĂ©rarchie, du commissariat au ministĂšre, a contribuĂ© Ă un renforcement de la pyramide hiĂ©rarchique tout en rĂ©duisant la marge dâautonomie des agents. Ceux-ci ressentent une forme de frustration face Ă des demandes de plus en plus pressantes dâinformation et de rĂ©sultats Ă©manant de la hiĂ©rarchie. En dĂ©coulent un certain nombre de stratĂ©gies dâĂ©vitement, dâadaptation, voire de tricherie, afin de fournir de bons chiffres en rĂ©ponse aux objectifs assignĂ©s par le niveau supĂ©rieur, souvent suspectĂ© de se soucier uniquement des statistiques au dĂ©triment de lâefficacitĂ© du « vrai » travail policier. Les effets centralisateurs sont ainsi contrebalancĂ©s par des pratiques centrifuges.Quantified indicators have become increasingly important within the Police nationale as a result of the introduction of new public management and the growing uses of information technologies. It is necessary to examine the specific effects of these figures on the practices and priorities of the police, especially on a possible strengthening of the centralized nature of the police organization. The growing weight of numbers has resulted in increased use of various databases such as the Main courante informatisĂ©e and other dashboards, the introduction of performance bonuses as well as a strengthening of teams in charge of data collection, transmition and analysis. The need for accountability at all levels of the hierarchy has contributed to a reinforcement of the hierarchical nature of the police while reducing the margin of autonomy of agents. The latter feel a form of frustration towards centralised requests for urgent information and results. As a result, one may observe a variety of avoidance, adaptation or gaming strategies aiming at providing good numbers and achieving the objectives of the upper level which is often suspected of worrying about statistics at the expense of the efficiency and effectiveness of ârealâ police work
A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL
Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-like planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planetâs birth, and evolution. ARIEL was conceived to observe a large number (~1000) of transiting planets for statistical understanding, including gas giants, Neptunes, super-Earths and Earth-size planets around a range of host star types using transit spectroscopy in the 1.25â7.8 ÎŒm spectral range and multiple narrow-band photometry in the optical. ARIEL will focus on warm and hot planets to take advantage of their well-mixed atmospheres which should show minimal condensation and sequestration of high-Z materials compared to their colder Solar System siblings. Said warm and hot atmospheres are expected to be more representative of the planetary bulk composition. Observations of these warm/hot exoplanets, and in particular of their elemental composition (especially C, O, N, S, Si), will allow the understanding of the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few million years. ARIEL will thus provide a representative picture of the chemical nature of the exoplanets and relate this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. ARIEL is designed as a dedicated survey mission for combined-light spectroscopy, capable of observing a large and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. Transit, eclipse and phase-curve spectroscopy methods, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allow us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of 10â100 part per million (ppm) relative to the star and, given the bright nature of targets, also allows more sophisticated techniques, such as eclipse mapping, to give a deeper insight into the nature of the atmosphere. These types of observations require a stable payload and satellite platform with broad, instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect many molecular species, probe the thermal structure, identify clouds and monitor the stellar activity. The wavelength range proposed covers all the expected major atmospheric gases from e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4 NH3, HCN, H2S through to the more exotic metallic compounds, such as TiO, VO, and condensed species. Simulations of ARIEL performance in conducting exoplanet surveys have been performed â using conservative estimates of mission performance and a full model of all significant noise sources in the measurement â using a list of potential ARIEL targets that incorporates the latest available exoplanet statistics. The conclusion at the end of the Phase A study, is that ARIEL â in line with the stated mission objectives â will be able to observe about 1000 exoplanets depending on the details of the adopted survey strategy, thus confirming the feasibility of the main science objectives.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio
The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and toxicological considerations
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The prevalence of diabetes is on a steady increase worldwide and it is now identified as one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century. In Nigeria, the use of herbal medicine alone or alongside prescription drugs for its management is quite common. We hereby carry out a review of medicinal plants traditionally used for diabetes management in Nigeria. Based on the available evidence on the speciesŚł pharmacology and safety, we highlight ways in which their therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the countryŚłs healthcare system.
Materials and methods: Ethnobotanical information was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 2013 for publications on medicinal plants used in diabetes management, in which the place of use and/or sample collection was identified as Nigeria. âDiabetesâ and âNigeriaâ were used as keywords for the primary searches; and then âPlant name â accepted or synonymsâ, âConstituentsâ, âDrug interactionâ and/or âToxicityâ for the secondary searches.
Results: The hypoglycemic effect of over a hundred out of the 115 plants reviewed in this paper is backed by preclinical experimental evidence, either in vivo or in vitro. One-third of the plants have been studied for their mechanism of action, while isolation of the bioactive constituent(s) has been accomplished for twenty three plants.
Some plants showed specific organ toxicity, mostly nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic, with direct effects on the levels of some liver function enzymes. Twenty eight plants have been identified as in vitro modulators of P-glycoprotein and/or one or more of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, while eleven plants altered the levels of phase 2 metabolic enzymes, chiefly glutathione, with the potential to alter the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs.
Conclusion: This review, therefore, provides a useful resource to enable a thorough assessment of the profile of plants used in diabetes management so as to ensure a more rational use. By anticipating potential toxicities or possible herbâdrug interactions, significant risks which would otherwise represent a burden on the countryŚłs healthcare system can be avoided
Projecting National Preferences : Police Co-Opération, Organizations and Polities
International audienc
RĂ©former l'action publique: La politique de la ville et les banlieues
La politique de la ville aurait constituĂ©, Ă en croire certains, un mouvement de rĂ©forme radicale de l'action publique. En diffusant la pratique contractuelle, en obligeant les administrations Ă pratiquer la transversalitĂ©, en intĂ©grant les associations aux processus de dĂ©cision, cette politique aurait permis une modification des façons habituelles de fabriquer l'action publique. Cet ouvrage, appuyĂ© sur un travail de terrain approfondi sur deux sites, remet en cause cette vision idĂ©alisĂ©e en s'attachant aux processus concrets de mise en oeuvre. Une politique publique, ce n'est pas seulement des idĂ©es sĂ©duisantes et des principes novateurs, c'est aussi des nĂ©gociations constantes entre des acteurs portant des intĂ©rĂȘts diffĂ©rents, des controverses sur les options Ă promouvoir. En l'occurrence, cette politique peine Ă trouver un vĂ©ritable soutien, tant au sein de la sphĂšre politique que des mondes administratifs. Si elle fait l'objet d'investissements individualisĂ©s dont on aurait tort de taire l'importance, les coopĂ©rations initiĂ©es ont souvent du mal Ă s'inscrire dans la durĂ©e et dans les façons de faire des administrations, bref Ă s'institutionnaliser. L'Ă©tude de cette politique permet de montrer les stratĂ©gies centrifuges et la gestion des dĂ©sordres locaux dans un contexte oĂč l'Etat n'est pas en mesure de jouer un rĂŽle de "grand intĂ©grateur"
Les politiques de sécurité: Réorientations politiques et différenciations locales
International audienceLaw and order policies : political reorientation and local differenciation.If one wants to analyse the ideas underlying local policies of urban safety, it is necessary to take several aspects of social reality into account: political discourse, programs and organisational arrangements,. From this, it is clear that local policies follow mixed and changing references. Drawing on the analysis of several municipalities, we stress two majour features : changes in the representation of local officials with regards to delinquency and the differenciation of local political strategies.Las polĂticas de seguridad. Cambios de vĂas polĂticos y differenciations locales.Examina las representaciones latentes a las polĂticas locales de prevencion y de seguridad pide tomar en cuenta varios niveles de realidad (los discursos, los programas de accion y los dispositivos organizacionales). De este analisisrealta que las polĂticas llevadas a cabo se hacen a partir de referencias mixtas, variadas, inestables. A partir del estudio de varios municipios se destacan sin embargo dos carctĂ©rĂsiticas importantes : por una parte, la transformaciĂłn de la referencias de los elegidos acerca de las cuestiones de inseguridad, por otra parte, la diferenciaciĂłn de las lĂłgicas de intervenciĂłn de los municipios.Interroger les reprĂ©sentations sous-jacentes aux politiques locales des prĂ©vention et sĂ©curitĂ© demande de prendre en compte plusieurs niveaux de rĂ©alitĂ© (les discours, les programmes d'action et les dispositifs organisationnels). De cette analyse, il ressort que les politiques conduites le sont en fonction de rĂ©fĂ©rences mixtes, composites, instables. A partir de l'Ă©tude de plusieurs municipalitĂ©s, on note cependant deux caractĂ©ristiques importantes : d'une part, la transformation des rĂ©fĂ©rences des Ă©lus sur les questions d'insĂ©curitĂ©, d'autre part, la diffĂ©renciation des logiques d'intervention des municipalitĂ©s
Vers des politiques publiques locales de sécurité
Les mutations des politiques de sécurité se manifestent par la prolifération des interlocuteurs, la contractualisation et le décloisonnement des approches. Dans ce cadre, il convient d'en interroger les effets concernant, notamment, le rÎle des municipalités et celui des nouvelles catégories d'action publique
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