Valores y estilo de vida de los consumidores chilenos.

95 p.Durante las ultimas dos decadas, los cambios en los patrones de participacion educativa, la larga transicion al mercado laboral y una extension (tiempo-espacial) en el periodo de dependencia familiar, han tenido sus consecuencias en los estilos de vida que las personas adoptan y en las maneras en las cuales aprovechan su tiempo libre. Aunque el pasatiempo y el estilo de vida siguen reflejandose en el genero y, en menor grado, en diferentes clases sociales, existen evidencias de que estas divisiones se han desvanecido como consecuencia de la influencia que tienen las industrias del entretenimiento y la experiencia comun de las transiciones a la vida adulta'. Hombres y mujeres de todas las clases sociales tienen mas tiempo libre que antes y se comprometen en un mayor numero de pasatiempos. Los jovenes optan por casarse y tener hijos a una edad madura, y esto de nuevo incrementa el periodo en sus vidas en el cual tienen una fase relativamente amplia en la cual divertirse y gastar dinero. Incluso, los cambios en los patrones de las transiciones han generado una cierta igualdad en los niveles adquisitivos entre los jovenes de 20 aflos y de diferentes clases sociales (F. Stewart, 1992)t El presente estudio se realizo con la finalidad de medir los Valores y Estilos de Vida de los Consumidores Chilenos. El estudio sobre los Valores y Estilos de Vida de Consumidores Chilenos se puede presentar como una contribucion a una investigaciOn superior y tendra una utilidad a largo plazo ya que en Chile no existen estudios de dominio publico de consumidores sobre actitudes, creencias y comportamiento que reflejen sus reales expectativas y necesidades, lo que afectara directamente sobre la publicidad y el marketing del pals. Para efectuar la investigacion, se reviso material bibliografico que hace referencia al comportamiento del consumidor, es decir, todo to relacionado con consumo, sociedad de consumo, consumidor, segmentacion del mercado, comportamiento del consumidor, familia, cultura, etnocentrismo, entre otros; conceptos que tienen como objetivo dar una mayor comprension at lector sobre el tema en que se basa el estudio.En este estudio se formularon dos tipos de objetivos como lo son el general y los especificos. El objetivo general consiste en "Determinar los Valores y Estilos de Vida del Consumidor Chileno segun la teoria del Comportamiento del Consumidor" y cuatro objetivos especificos que desglozan el objetivo general. La metodologia de la investigacion, se base en un diseno de investigacion de tipo exploratorio, debido a que el tema ha sido poco estudiado, conjuntamente se utilize herramientas de tipo descriptivo con el fin de medir el comportamiento de los Chilenos, mediante un tipo de muestreo no probabilistico. Esta investigacion se llevo a cabo mediante el metodo de encuesta con un cuestionario como instrumento de medicion. La encuesta se realize en las ciudades de Santiago, Talca y Chillan, en zonas urbanas, donde la muestra de la poblacion se escogie por conveniencia. Se realizaron distintos tipos de analisis factoriales, para determinar los factores representativos de los estilos de vida de los chilenos, donde se determinan que existen 5 factores principales que lo representan, lo que ileva al interes por determinar las orientaciones de vida del consumidor, en las cuales las que mas destacan son las orientaciones por el futuro y el pasado, ademas se busco determinar el grado de etnocentrismo del chileno, determinando asi que existe un grado leve de patriotismo, pero sin embargo existe una percepcion por productos de algunos paises, como China, Europa, Estados Unidos, muy diferente, demostrando que por productos europeos se tiene una mucha mejor percepcion que por los productos Chinos, por ejemplo. Luego se entregan las conclusions del estudio, las cuales destacan el hecho de que se encontraron diez factores representativos de los estilos de vida, como tambien se determine el ligero grado de etnocentrismo de los Chilenos, y que dependiendo la importancia de las decisiones de compra, en los patrons de compra, decidira la esposa, esposo, o ambos, mientras menos importante la decision, es decir, decisiones que tienen que ver con el hogar sera la esposa quien decida. Con respecto a las recomendaciones para la realizacion de estudios posteriores de los Valores y Estilos de Vida del Consumidor, se sugiere aplicar un cuestionario semejante, considerando la inclusion de variables como valores y sentencias de auto-descripcien, las cuales no se encontraban en el presente cuestionario; ademas, el cuestionario deberia ser aplicado en todo Chile, para que la muestra sea mas representativa de la poblacion nacional

Fiscal Policy and Income Redistribution in Latin America: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom

Conventional wisdom states that fiscal policy redistributes little in Latin America. Lower tax revenues and, above all, lower and less progressive transfers have been identified as the main cause. Existing studies show that, while in Europe the distribution of all transfers combined (cash and in-kind) is egalitarian, the bulk of transfers in Latin America accrue to the upper quintile. Through an in-depth fiscal incidence analysis applied to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico and Peru we argue that conventional wisdom may be wrong. First, the extent and effectiveness of income redistribution and poverty reduction, revenue-collection, and spending patterns vary so significantly across countries that speaking of "Latin America" as a unity is misleading. The (after direct taxes and transfers) Gini, for example, declines by over 10 percent in Argentina but by only 2.4 percent in Bolivia. In Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia government revenues are close to 40 percent of GDP, whereas in Mexico and Peru they are around 20 percent. Social spending (excluding contributory pensions) as a share of GDP ranges from 17 percent in Brazil to 5.2 percent in Peru. Second, social spending does not accrue to the richest quintile. On the contrary, concentration coefficients for social spending are highly negative (progressive in absolute terms) for Argentina and slightly so for Bolivia and Mexico. In Brazil and Peru social spending is progressive in relative terms only. Third, there is no obvious correlation between the size of government and the size of social spending, on the one hand, and the extent and effectiveness of redistribution, on the other: government size is similar for Argentina and Bolivia but they are on opposite sides in terms of the extent of redistribution.Fourth, due to indirect taxes households are net payers to the "fisc" beginning in the third decile in Bolivia and Brazil; for Argentina, Mexico and Peru this happens in the fifth decile. Fifth, corrective measures differ too: in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil they may involve the reduction in revenues and total spending, while revenues and social spending (especially direct transfers to the poor) should be increased in Mexico and Peru. Bolivia and Brazil need to introduce changes to their tax and transfer system so that net payers to the "fisc" start at higher incomes. All five countries need to improve the of progressivity of their spending, including non-social spending components.fiscal incidence, fiscal policy, inequality, poverty, redistribution, social policy, taxes, transfers, Latin America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico and Peru

Roles maritales en el proceso de adquisicion de servicios financieros e intangibles. Caso: Curico y Rancagua Conjunto

279 p.Esta investigación se encuentra dirigida a académicos, profesionales e instituciones, que se encuentren ligados al área financiera o comercial, debido a que el presente estudio analiza el comportamiento del consumidor en el proceso de toma de decisiones financieras de una familia. Se planteó como Objetivo General de la investigación "Determinar el rol marital en las decisiones de adquisición de servicios financieros e intangibles de una familia, en las ciudades de Curicó y Rancagua conjunto". Para cumplir con este objetivo fueron necesarios ciertos pasos que van desde la búsqueda de bibliografía nacional e internacional, hasta la aplicación de un cuestionario estructurado a una muestra aleatoria de 100 parejas tanto en la ciudad de Curicó como de Rancagua, siendo una muestra total de 200 parejas, segmentados por estratos socioeconómicos; en la cual se entrevistó a cada integrante de la pareja en forma simultánea e independiente. Se puede deducir de los resultados del estudio que en general todas las decisiones son tomadas en forma autónoma por la pareja o bien dominadas por el hombre. Sin embargo, la mujer ejerce cierto grado de influencia en el proceso de toma de decisiones en la medida que aporta al ingreso familiar por su incorporación al mundo laboral. Así también, el pertenecer a un estrato socioeconómico alto hace que la mujer ejerza mayor influencia en la toma de decisiones. Los años de convivencia también afectan la participación en la toma de decisiones, a través de un cierto grado de especialización de los cónyuges

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Global overview of the management of acute cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic (CHOLECOVID study)

Background: This study provides a global overview of the management of patients with acute cholecystitis during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: CHOLECOVID is an international, multicentre, observational comparative study of patients admitted to hospital with acute cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on management were collected for a 2-month study interval coincident with the WHO declaration of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and compared with an equivalent pre-pandemic time interval. Mediation analysis examined the influence of SARS-COV-2 infection on 30-day mortality. Results: This study collected data on 9783 patients with acute cholecystitis admitted to 247 hospitals across the world. The pandemic was associated with reduced availability of surgical workforce and operating facilities globally, a significant shift to worse severity of disease, and increased use of conservative management. There was a reduction (both absolute and proportionate) in the number of patients undergoing cholecystectomy from 3095 patients (56.2 per cent) pre-pandemic to 1998 patients (46.2 per cent) during the pandemic but there was no difference in 30-day all-cause mortality after cholecystectomy comparing the pre-pandemic interval with the pandemic (13 patients (0.4 per cent) pre-pandemic to 13 patients (0.6 per cent) pandemic; P = 0.355). In mediation analysis, an admission with acute cholecystitis during the pandemic was associated with a non-significant increased risk of death (OR 1.29, 95 per cent c.i. 0.93 to 1.79, P = 0.121). Conclusion: CHOLECOVID provides a unique overview of the treatment of patients with cholecystitis across the globe during the first months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The study highlights the need for system resilience in retention of elective surgical activity. Cholecystectomy was associated with a low risk of mortality and deferral of treatment results in an increase in avoidable morbidity that represents the non-COVID cost of this pandemic

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular effects of adding once-weekly treatment with exenatide to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without previous cardiovascular disease, to receive subcutaneous injections of extended-release exenatide at a dose of 2 mg or matching placebo once weekly. The primary composite outcome was the first occurrence of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The coprimary hypotheses were that exenatide, administered once weekly, would be noninferior to placebo with respect to safety and superior to placebo with respect to efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 14,752 patients (of whom 10,782 [73.1%] had previous cardiovascular disease) were followed for a median of 3.2 years (interquartile range, 2.2 to 4.4). A primary composite outcome event occurred in 839 of 7356 patients (11.4%; 3.7 events per 100 person-years) in the exenatide group and in 905 of 7396 patients (12.2%; 4.0 events per 100 person-years) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.00), with the intention-to-treat analysis indicating that exenatide, administered once weekly, was noninferior to placebo with respect to safety (P<0.001 for noninferiority) but was not superior to placebo with respect to efficacy (P=0.06 for superiority). The rates of death from cardiovascular causes, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and the incidence of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous cardiovascular disease, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between patients who received exenatide and those who received placebo. (Funded by Amylin Pharmaceuticals; EXSCEL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01144338 .)

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ∼ 1.7 {{s}} with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of {40}-8+8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 {M}ȯ . An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ∼ 40 {{Mpc}}) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ∼10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ∼ 9 and ∼ 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta.</p